Term
| Altruism, Pro-social behavior & Bystander intervention is motivation to |
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Definition
| to help others instead of yourself. |
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| Action that benefits others but not the actor. (could hurt you) |
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o Giving money to the homeless person
o Donating blood
o Jump in front of a bullet, and die.
o 1982 Air Florida flight crashes in Potomac river in DC unknown man repeatedly assists injured passengers only to drown himself. |
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Term
Sociobiology of helping
• Assumptions |
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Definition
o Extending parent-infant bond (from attachment) to an ancestor-descendant bond.
o Inherit (genetic) innate tendencies to help
• We are motivated to “help” to address this distress (others or our own)
• Helping is then reinforced. |
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Term
| ancestor descnedent bond would mean: |
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Definition
• We feel innate “bonds” with those who share our genetic material
Least likely to help person least related to you. |
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Term
| o Inherit (genetic) innate tendencies to help on others distress |
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Definition
distress in others= releasing stimulus Other’s distress (visual/auditory)stimulus -> own distress (physiological/emotional) response
Releasing stimuli= a cue that innately triggers a response
we want to lower our own distress, so we help |
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Term
• Helping is then reinforced: Seeing someone is pain, you go help them, they get better, you feel better.
Is this negative or positive reinforcement? |
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Definition
Negative reinforcement: removal of others and own distress
Positive reinforcement: produce expression of relief and other social reinforces. |
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Term
| • Motivation for helping is biased toward related species members |
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Definition
o Familiarity becomes indicator of shared genetic material
• Really really help imediate family, less for cousins, les and less for less related |
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Term
| helping ppl w/shared genetics insures: |
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Definition
o Helps to insure that altruistic tendencies (and biases) are passed on.
o Supports reciprocal altruism
• You help me, I help you. |
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Term
| creating Empathy and helping behavior vs oneness |
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Definition
o Creating a feeling of empathy with a person does not increase helping behavior
o Feelings of oneness is a better predictor, the more similar the more likely to help. (Cialdini) |
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Term
| • Are Animals Pro-Social or Altruistic? |
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Definition
| o Prarie dog, one keeps watch- puts guard in danger helps everyone else |
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Term
| Best stratedgy for getting help carrying a large package? |
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Term
| o Clicker: the sociobiological perspective on altruism is: |
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Definition
• An extension of the parent infant bond to the level of ancestor-descendant.
• A theory based on evolutionary assumptions about selection.
Both A and B ^ |
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Term
| o Clicker: the fact that the rat freq opened the canister when there was a trapped rat inside but otherwise ignored the canister implies: |
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Definition
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Term
innate tendencies of prosocial behaviors
baby crying elicits |
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Definition
elicits crying in other babies
• More effective than hearing recordings of own cry or computer generated cries.
• Assuming distress motivates helping as the child matures
Cry -> distress -> engage in helping
Negative feed back loop |
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Term
| innate tendencies of prosocial behaviors kids and marbles: |
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Definition
| o Young children working for marbles: work intensity correlated w/ distress expressions |
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Term
| Factors that impact those decisions for pro social behaviors: |
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Definition
time
model
how well they know each other
size of request/commitment
reward/punishment |
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Term
| prosocial behavio and having a model |
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Definition
(ex: motorist; “lassie”)
• Teaches you how to help
• But not always- “good samaritan” |
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Term
| o Assuming victim and aggressor are strangers |
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Definition
| more likely to help vs if you think they know each other well. |
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Definition
• Study of seminary students at princeton
• Six conditions , graded on speaking
Some talk on religious jobs
2nd group tell about good samaritan parable
• primed to think about helping behavior |
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Term
| darley and batson w/princeton seminar students showed that |
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Definition
| time matters more than what ppl are thinking about. |
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Term
| • Bystander effect (which appears to have several contributing factors) |
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Definition
1. Social influence (judgment of situation) 2. Audience inhibition (fear evaluation) 3. Decreased attention to the environment
4. Diffusion of responsibility and social loafing |
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Term
| 1. Social influence (judgment of situation) |
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Definition
| • is there someone else that might help? Are they in dire need of help? |
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Term
| 2. Audience inhibition (fear evaluation) |
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Definition
• embarrass yourself, make it worse
• more likely to help if we know the other ppl in the situation |
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Definition
| • others will step in and help |
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| • Acquaintances vs strangers |
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Definition
More likely to help if you know them
Don’t want to embarass self infront of strangers |
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Definition
Can suppress helping: less confident in own competency
Or increase helping if they demand it (obedience) |
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