Term
| • Dove courtship behaviors- |
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Definition
| reflexive behavior, genetic, observable. Birds have very fixed patterns of behavior. Male flashes feathers to attract female. |
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Term
| • Sex is similar to thirst and hunger in that: |
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Definition
o Multiple inputs and outputs
o Internal and external factors
o Negative feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| • Input causes MS and theres an output that turns off output |
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Term
| • It is different from thirst and hunger in that: |
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Definition
o Non-homeostatic o Involves social interaction (usually)
o More complicated and controversial nature/nurture debate. |
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Term
| sex is Non-homeostatic bc |
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Definition
| • Sexual acts are not designed to regulate physiological functions (ex: hormones) within set boundaries |
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Term
| sex is More complicated and controversial nature/nurture debate. |
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Definition
| • You need to eat to survive, but do you need to have sex to survive? Some things are learned. |
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Term
| Stickleback Fish Releasing stimuli that |
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Definition
| o Swollen belly attracts males, reflexive, genetic, innate response- no learning. |
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Term
| releasing stimuli in humans study: |
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Definition
o In humans- eye tracking studies in bars- hardwired responses, we see something we fixate on
• Dependent on sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| in both genders Androgens, estrogens, progestins produced by adrenal gland and gonads |
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Term
| Androgens- secreted by -- control-- |
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Definition
| gonads and adrenal glands. Control sex drive and aggression |
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Term
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Definition
| • fixing dogs- males testees are removed to decrease androgens. Not fixed dogs are more aggressive. Drastic changes in behaviors |
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Term
| where does most of female testosterone come from? |
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Definition
| o Adrenal gland mostly testosterone for both malefemale |
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Term
| Two functions of sex hormones |
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Definition
organizational
activational |
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Term
| organizational role of sex hormones |
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Definition
determines sexual dimorphism (malarian and wolfiann systems) determines if you are male or female
• Genitalia
• Secondary sex characteristics
• Brain function/structure |
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Term
| activational role of sex hormones: |
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Definition
• Set the stage for sexual receptivity
• Contribute to sex typical actions in some animals |
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Term
SH and Sexual Dimorphism
• 1. Internal and external genitalia |
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Definition
| o experimental rat data and CAH in females, secondary sex characteristics, the brain |
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Term
| SH and Sexual Dimorphism tested in rats shows that: |
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Definition
• injecting mother with
testosterone masculinizes appearance of female offspring
anti testesterone feminizes the appearance of male offspring – activational effect of hormones becase they are still males and still females |
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Term
| SH and Sexual Dimorphism is shown in CAH in females by: |
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Definition
o CAH females- clinical human data
• XX fetus exposed to extra androgen
• Masculinizes external appearance |
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Term
| Secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
o dimorphic changes that occur at puberty and accentuate differences between the male and female form.
• Clincial therapy for sex reassignment –
Androgen-insensitivity syndrome
• XY individual unresponsive to androgen –look completely female |
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Term
| SH and sexual dimorphism shown in the brain in 3 areas: |
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Definition
| o 3 brain regions that are sexual dimorphic: corpus callosum, amygdala, hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| controls basics of sexual behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| connects the two hemispheres= how well they communicate. The stronger= more connections= better at multitasking- women better at multi tasking |
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Term
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Definition
fear, aggression
• Males more aggresive
• Medical condition where amygdala calcifies and dies. They cannot feal fear. They can rationalize that something is bad, but not feel fear.
• Amygdala tumor where it is over active- hyper agressive |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal cortex rail road spike. Extreme aggresive still had amygdala but not frontal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| profound memory loss, could not form new memories. Had epilepsy, did brain surgery/cut out hippocampus and cured epilepsy- but w/side effects |
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Term
| • Three brain differences in males/females |
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Definition
o 1. Larger preoptic area of hypothalamus in maleso
2. Larger right hemisphere relative to left in males (more equal in females) o 3. Larger corpus callosum in human females |
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Term
| Larger preoptic area of hypothalamus in males |
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Definition
• Can alter the size w/prenatal injections of homones by giving testoseterone to increase size in female rats or block testesterone in males and the brain region wont grow
• Appears to be important for sexual motivation and behavior atleast in rats.
Females given testost- behaved like male rats
Males that had it blocked behaved like females
Change motivation and behavior by changin amount of hormones |
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Term
| Larger right hemisphere relative to left in males (more equal in females) |
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Definition
• can alter hormonally soon after birth
give testosterone to females soon after birth or castrate males to eliminate.
Also changes w/environment manipulations
• 7 year old boys have different size brain than female and perform much better on spacial task (using a map)
• (hormones set the stage for brain sizes and behaviors) |
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Term
| Larger corpus callosum in human females |
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Definition
• gets larger w/age
• uncertain of effect of hormones
• environment also likely plays a role |
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Term
critical periods for effect of hormones (partically androgen) on the brain-
organizational-
activation
hypothalamus
cortex |
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Definition
o Organizational effects- in utero or at birth
o Activation- any time/sex change procedure
o Hypothalamus -> early (prenatal-right after birth)
• Controls important behaviors, cant change after birth
o Cortex (hemispherse; corpus callosum) -> much later
• Possible bi-directional effects( make it larger or smaller) |
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