Term
when are the 4 times Abx combination therapy is necessary? |
|
Definition
1) emergency 2) infection likely to caused by more than one m/o 3) to achieve synergy 4) to prevent /delay development of resistance |
|
|
Term
Abx combination therapy is necessary in emergency of what? |
|
Definition
bacterial meningitis and sepsis |
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|
Term
Abx combination therapy is necessary in what infection likely to be caused by more than one m/o? |
|
Definition
perianal abscess and burst appendix |
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|
Term
what are three ways we prevent and limit the spread of microbes? |
|
Definition
prophylactic/prophylaxis, chemoprophylaxis, and immunoprophylaxis |
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|
Term
prophylactic/prophylaxis is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the use of chemicals to prevent an infection by reducing risk from contact or reduce normal microflora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the use of immune serums to prevent disease -immune serums ~ antigen (microbes) -vaccines |
|
|
Term
to cause a disease a pathogen must do these 5 things? |
|
Definition
1) contact the host 2) colonize the host 3) infect the host 4) evade host defense system 5) damage host tissues |
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|
Term
a pathogen must contact the host to be? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
a pathogen must colonize the host by? |
|
Definition
adhering to and being able to grow on host surfaces |
|
|
Term
a pathogen must infect the host by? |
|
Definition
proliferating in host cells or tissues - grow well |
|
|
Term
a pathogen must damage the host tissue by? |
|
Definition
physical and/or chemical destruction of host cells and tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the use of immune serums (WBC compounds like interferons, interleukins...) for treatment of disease |
|
|
Term
Immunotherapy is used when? |
|
Definition
You knowingly have an infection (chronic) and want to minimize symptoms and risk of spreading |
|
|
Term
Gamma interferon is used to treat what ? |
|
Definition
HCV a chronic viral disease |
|
|
Term
Immunotherapy is used when? |
|
Definition
You knowingly have an infection (chronic) and want to minimize symptoms and risk of spreading |
|
|
Term
Gamma interferon is used to treat what ? |
|
Definition
HCV a chronic viral disease |
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|
Term
________ _________ is a chemical message produced by certain WBC to inhibit virus replication and spreading ("contain" the virus) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what are the 5 problems with use of antibiotic? |
|
Definition
toxicity, hypersensitivity, organism resistance, allows for excessive growth of normal flora, and antibiotic may not be able to penetrate difficult to reach areas |
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|
Term
what are 3 places antibiotic cannot penetrate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what antibiotic has the side effect of aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
chloramphenicol which is a static broad spectrum |
|
|
Term
what is number 1 prevention of infection? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
with "hospital acquired" infection the greater your _______ the greater your risk |
|
Definition
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|
Term
for prevention of "hospital acquired" infection you use hand washing and what else? |
|
Definition
you control the carries and have isolation |
|
|
Term
nosocomial setting includes? |
|
Definition
hospital and nursing homes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are examples of ways to prevent infection? |
|
Definition
1) use face mask and gown for isolation 2)gell in and gell out 3)proper disposal of hazardous material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
science that is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of disease and injuries in human population |
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|
Term
what are the various degrees of disease outbreak can occur? |
|
Definition
1) sporadic 2) endemic 3) epidemic 4) pandemic |
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|
Term
sporadic disease outbreak is what? |
|
Definition
random like 1-2 people out of millions |
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|
Term
endemic disease outbreak is what? |
|
Definition
low level in geographic region like an acceptable level of disease in a population |
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|
Term
epidemic disease outbreak is what? |
|
Definition
explosive outbreak in a population explosive # well beyond normal |
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|
Term
pandemic disease outbreak is what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
water is a major reservoir and vehicle of communicable disease such as _______ and ________ _______ (1849-1856) |
|
Definition
cholera and typhoid fever |
|
|
Term
identification of arthropod vectors for many diseases is a result of what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
malaria, yellow fever. sleeping sickness, and typhus are diseases caused by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is arthropod vectors? |
|
Definition
insects that spread disease |
|
|
Term
what is an important vector for typhoid, diptheria, and polio |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what 3 important things we learned from epidemiology? |
|
Definition
1) water as a reservoir (1849-1856) 2) arthropod vectors (1895-1909) 3) asymptomatic carrier (1893-1905) |
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|
Term
typhoid Mary is an example of what? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what is a person who looks and feels fine but harbors a disease? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what is a communicable disease? |
|
Definition
a disease whose agent is directly or indirectly transmitted from host to host |
|
|
Term
disease that is directly transmitted directly from person to person is? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what is a medium that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and opportunity for transmission? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
an example of an animate reservoir is? |
|
Definition
living and zoonoses(animals) |
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|
Term
an example of inanimate reservoir is? |
|
Definition
non-living (soil, water, foods...) |
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|
Term
what two reservoir are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what two ways does disease originate from microorganisms? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
disease originate from m/o endogenous when? |
|
Definition
normal microflora is misplaced or overgrows |
|
|
Term
disease originate from m/o exogenous when? |
|
Definition
the microbe is never normal or common microflora |
|
|
Term
vaginal candida albicans originate from microorganisms how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what yeast infection develops during antibiotic treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T. pallidum originate from microorganisms how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
N. gonorrhoeae originate from microorganism how? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are 6 ways spreading and transmission of disease can occur? |
|
Definition
1)direct contact 2)indirect contact 3)airborne: respiratory droplets 4)oral (fecal-oral)route 5)parenteral (injection) -needle stick; insect bite 6) mucous membrane contact |
|
|
Term
what is the kissing disease? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
______ and _________ disease can spread through mucous membrane contact |
|
Definition
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|
Term
small droplet that people cough in the air is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false after someone cough the disease can stay in the air for 2 hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relationship with microorganisms |
|
|
Term
true or false we outnumber bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the host responses to infectious disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is studying antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
infectious disease can be diagnosed using what technique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
microbes live with their hosts in _________ relationships |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are 3 examples of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism |
|
|
Term
bacteria in your colon is an example of what type of symbiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what produces vitamin K in your colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
yes or no is E.coli part of our normal bowel flora (NBF)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how much E.coli is there in the intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what break down food we can't ingest and produces vitamin K, vitamin B, and fatty acids? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what is a symbiosis relationship that 2 organisms live together and both members benefit? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what is a symbiosis relationship in which one organism grows, feeds and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
M.tuberculosis in the human lung is an example of what type of symbiosis relationship? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what symbiosis relationship is a most concern to health care professionals? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what symbiosis relationship has two organisms live together with no apparent benefit or harm to either member of the association? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
staphylococcus epidermidis on skin is an example of what type of symbiosis relationship? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
when two microbe live together and have a neutral relationship is what symbiosis relationship? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
under normal circumstances normal microbial flora is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
true or false most members of the normal bacterial flora will colonize any tissue |
|
Definition
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|
Term
most members of the normal bacterial flora tendency to colonize certain tissues and not other is due to what? |
|
Definition
properties of both the host and the bacterium |
|
|
Term
yes or no oxygen requirement limit when microorganism can grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when in your life to you establish your normal flora? |
|
Definition
during your teenager years |
|
|
Term
true or false you are not sterile when born |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
yes or no the human microbiome differs slightly with each individual? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the microbes that colonizes your body when your are born are directly related to what 3 factors? |
|
Definition
1) who touches you 2) the food you eat 3) the environment you live in |
|
|
Term
when two microbe live together and have a neutral relationship is what symbiosis relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the 4 normal human microflora? |
|
Definition
1) oral and upper respiratory tract flora 2) GI tract flora 3) Urogenital Flora 4) skin |
|
|
Term
what inhabit the gingival crevice in the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is the point of entry and initial colonization for Neisseria, Bordetella, Corynebacterium, and Streptococcus spp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what GI Tract Flora has variety of possible but few numerically; transient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
where is Helicobacter pylori flora found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what GI Tract has flora that is sparse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what flora does Ileum/jejunum have? |
|
Definition
mixed flora with increase in numbers as you get closer to large intestine |
|
|
Term
flora of the large intestines are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what has predominantly facultative and strict anaerobe? |
|
Definition
flora of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
what flora's organisms participate in bile acid conversion and in vitamin K and ammonia production in the large bowel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what flora can cause intestinal abscesses and peritonitis? |
|
Definition
flora of the large intestine |
|
|
Term
vaginal flora changes with what 3 things? |
|
Definition
1) age of the individual 2) the vaginal pH 3) hormone levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
95% of normal flora is where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___________ and ___________ __________ work together to use up oxygen |
|
Definition
facultative & strict anaerobes |
|
|
Term
why are there few flora in the duodenal? |
|
Definition
because there is bile and enzymes changes |
|
|
Term
the normal gut flora increases from the _______ to the_________ to the __________ |
|
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
|
|
Term
as you move down the small intestine through the large, the number of bacteria and number of different genera/species increases or decreases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lactobacilli, Enterococci, Streptococci, and Clostidium are found where? |
|
Definition
lower digestive tract- jejunum/upper ileum; ileum; large intestines |
|
|
Term
aerobic and anaerobic microbe mix in what body site? |
|
Definition
upper respiratory: nasopharynx region, buccal region, upper trachea |
|
|
Term
what 5 bacteria are found in the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
1) lactobacillus 2) streptococcus 3) staphylococcus 4) clostridium 5) candida |
|
|
Term
the eyes have sparse Gram-positive ______ and Gram-negative ______ (possibly Staphylococcus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
propioniibacterium, Corynebacterium species, some Streptococci, Staphylococci species, Micrococcus, Candida are found in what body site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
many flora found in large numbers in ___________ many have never been identifies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Acidic environment of stomach and enzymatic/basic environment of duodenum is not conductive to microorganism survival- which can be altered with what medication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
does the flow of urine prevents the extensive colonization of urethra/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the 6 axenic locations? |
|
Definition
1) Blood 2) CSF 3) Deep Tissue (Muscle, etc.) 4) Body fluids (such as urine, extracellular fluids- synovial fluid-, intracellular fluid...) 5) urinary tract, from bladder up 6) bronchi of lungs |
|
|
Term
are sinuses, inner and middle ear, and lower respiratory sterile? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is called when normally commensal, even mutualistic organisms cause disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are 3 "opportunities"? |
|
Definition
1) immune suppression 2) changes in normal microbiota that upset the "balance" in the body 3) relocation - normal microbiota are introduction to an abnormal location in the body |
|
|
Term
what keeps the normal microflora in check? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what can suppress the immune system? |
|
Definition
HIV, stress, medication (transplant patients), lack of sleep, and lack of nutrients |
|
|
Term
an example of changes in the normal microbiota that upset the "balance" in the body is? |
|
Definition
candida albicans and thrush or yeast |
|
|
Term
an example of relocation when normal microbiota are introduced to an abnormal location in the body is? |
|
Definition
E.coli normal in large intestine found in urethra and bladder |
|
|
Term
nonspecific defenses are __________ which means "born with" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the 1st line of defense are? |
|
Definition
skin, mucous membranes, and chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phagocytosis, complement, intergeron, inflammation, and fever |
|
|
Term
the 1st line and 2nd line of defense are know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the 3rd line of defense are? |
|
Definition
lymphocytes and antibodies |
|
|
Term
the 3rd line of defense is know as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what line of defense is -innate, nonspecific -reacts "the same" to all pathogens -no memory |
|
Definition
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|
Term
what line of defense has physical/ chemical barriers which includes 1) skin (dry, keratin-rich) 2)a.secretions (sweat and sebum - acidic pH, salty) b. lysozyme - an enzyme found in tears and saliva that has powerful digestive capabilities 3) mucous membranes, ciliated cells, etc |
|
Definition
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|
Term
which line of defense is innate, nonspecific, and reacts (almost) "the same" to all pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what line of defense has no memory and often works directly with or stimulates the third line of defense (the adaptive/acquired immune system- known as the "memory" system)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the 3 components of the second line of defense? |
|
Definition
leukocytes (WBC), chemicals/chemical actions, and processes |
|
|
Term
what does leukocytes (WBC) have? |
|
Definition
granulocytes and agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
what are the chemicals/ chemical actions of the second line of defense? |
|
Definition
a. cytokines - signaling molecules b. opsonins and opsonization c. complement (which can act as opsonins...) d. interferons e. others..... |
|
|
Term
what are the 3 processes of the second line of defense? |
|
Definition
a. phagocytosis b. inflammation c. fever |
|
|
Term
erythroid stem cell, myeloid stem cell, and lymphoid stem cell came from where? |
|
Definition
blood stem cell in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
platelets, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte came where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
erythrocyte came from where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what myeloid stem cell deal with inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what myeloid stem cells deal with phagocytosis? |
|
Definition
neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte |
|
|
Term
what erythroid stem cell deal with gas transpotion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lymphocyte came from what stem cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is named based on the appearance of visible granules in the cellular cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
granulocytes include what 3? |
|
Definition
basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or PMNs) |
|
|
Term
what has blue granules and has 0.5-1.0% normally present in cellular cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what has red-orange granules and has 2-4% normally present in cellular cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what has lilac/lavender granules and 60-70% normally present in cellular cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, or PMNs) |
|
|
Term
_______________ has granules filled with histamine (like tissue bound Mast cells) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what granulocyte function in allergies and inflammation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what granulocyte bind IgE antibodies to cause it to degranulate and cannot phagocytose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what granulocyte is used to treat helminth (worm) infections, inflammation, can phagocytose; extracellular killing (bind and act on cell (worms) coated with complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what granulocyte is a key phagocytic cell and increases in bacterial infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
monocytes matures into either ___________ or ____________ cells |
|
Definition
macrophages or dendritic cells |
|
|
Term
_____________ include B cells, T cells both acquired immunity (3rd line) and act specifically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
natural killer (NK) cells bind to virally infected or abnormal cells and releases granules containing _____________ and _______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
targeted cells are destroyed by natural killer cells via what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
natural killer cells killing is _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what 2 types of macrophages are there? |
|
Definition
wandering and fixed macrophages |
|
|
Term
what wander in blood looking for pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
___________ ____________ strategically concentrate in specific areas that are more vulnerable to intruders, like the lungs or the intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
natural killer cells bind to virally infected or abnormal cells how? |
|
Definition
by detecting cells that have reduced or no class I MHC expression ( which is abnormal) |
|
|
Term
cells that "hang out" mostly in the skin, nose, lungs, and digestive system are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when dendritic cells ingest a foreign particle, they become activated and travel to the lymph nodes where they activate what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
as a group, all dendritic cells, macrophages + monocytes make up the system known as ____________ which emphasize the microscopic appearance and primary functions of the group of cells |
|
Definition
the mononuclear phagocytic system |
|
|
Term
what are the 3 components of the second line of defense? |
|
Definition
1) leukocytes (WBC) 2) chemicals/chemical actions 3) processes |
|
|
Term
leukocytes (WBC) component of the second line of defense include ___________ and _____________ |
|
Definition
granulocytes and agranulocytes |
|
|
Term
chemical/chemical actions component of the second line of defense include what four? |
|
Definition
cytokines, opsonins and opsonization, complement protein, and interferons |
|
|
Term
what are a signaling molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
complement proteins are able to function as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the processes component of the second line of defense include what 3? |
|
Definition
phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever |
|
|
Term
what 5 steps do WBCs leave blood stream and enter tissues? |
|
Definition
1) circulating lymphocyte enters the high endothelial venule in the lymph node 2) binding of l-selectin to GlyCAM- and CD34 allows rolling interaction 3) LFA-1 is activated by chemokines bound to extracellular matrix 4) activated LFA-1 binds tightly to ICAM-1 5) diapedesis- lymphocyte migrate into the lymph node |
|
|
Term
a group of small blood proteins that regulate cellular function (predominantly made by WBCs) is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cytokines made my lymphocytes are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what cytokines acts as growth regulator of T cells and B cells and produces macrophages, monocytes and B cells also serves as an endogenous pyrogen, which stimulate fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what cytokines stimulate the proliferation of T cells and activates NK cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what cytokines kills cells, including tumor cells and is produced by T cells which is activated macrophages? |
|
Definition
Tumor Necrosis Factor- (TNF-a and TNF-b) |
|
|
Term
what cytokines causes phagocytic white cells of all types to differentiate and divide, produces ThI & macrophages and targets phagocytes? |
|
Definition
colony stimulating factors (CSF) |
|
|
Term
what are the 5 cytokines? |
|
Definition
1) interleukin-1 (IL-1) 2) interleukin-2 (IL-2) 3) interleukin-6 (IL-6) 4) tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a & TNF-b) 5) colony stimulating factors (CSF) |
|
|
Term
key actions that attribute to TNF-alpha are what 4? |
|
Definition
macrophages, endothelium, hepatocytes, and synoviocytes |
|
|
Term
TNFa has macrophages which increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase chemokines as a result causes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TNFa endothelium has high adhesion molecules and high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that causes _____________ and __________ |
|
Definition
increased cell infiltration and increased angiogenesis |
|
|
Term
TNFa hepatocytes has high acute phase response which cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
TNFa synoviocytes has high metalloproteinase synthesis which causes what? |
|
Definition
articular cartilage degradation |
|
|
Term
___________ is defined as coating of pathogens by proteins, thus increasing their vulnerability to phagocytes (phagocytosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what leads to or causes opsonization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
an example of opsonins are what 2? |
|
Definition
complement proteins and antibodies |
|
|
Term
___________ is made of series of serum proteins/protein fragments that can act as opsonins, chemotactic factors, and can indirectly trigger inflammation and fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inflammatory reaction, and/or phagocytosis, and/or formation of MAC complex and lysis of foreign cells are the end result of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
complement is activated what two ways? |
|
Definition
classical pathway and alternative pathway |
|
|
Term
classical pathway start with antibody and bind with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
alternate pathway doesn't use antibody but ________ and _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
both classical and alternative complement pathways can result in what 3 actions? |
|
Definition
opsonization, inflammation, and membrane attack complex and cell lysis |
|
|
Term
what are 3 steps that classical complement pathway work? |
|
Definition
1) start with serum protein C1 becoming activated on binding to Ab-Ag complex 2) leads to subsequent binding and activation of additional serum protein in a systematic manner 3) end result is formation of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) |
|
|
Term
GN or GP are vulnerable to Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
alternative complement pathway is activated by what? |
|
Definition
bacterial cell surface molecules |
|
|
Term
alternative complement pathway is activated by bacterial cell surface including ______________ from GN, ______________ from positive cell walls and some parasite surface molecules |
|
Definition
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and teichoic acid |
|
|
Term
MAC formation can form with ____________ and ___________ complement pathways |
|
Definition
alternative and classical |
|
|
Term
________________ makes a pathogen look much more delicious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in MAC complex chemoattractants, such as _________, attract phagocyte to organisms to be be ingested |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in MAC complex _____ coats organisms and attaches to C3b receptors on phagocyte |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in MAC complex organism is engulfed into a _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in MAC complex phagosome fuses with lysosome to produce ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
in MAC complex organism is killed within the ________________ and digestion & breakdown of organism also occurs there |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bacterium swells and eventually bursts when _________ and _________ diffuse into the bacterium through the holes made by complement protein forming complexes of protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the two interferons in the second line of defense? |
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Definition
alpha/beta interferon and gamma interferon (IFN-y) |
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Term
what interferon act locally, is released hours after infection, last 3-4 days, released by certain WBCs and virally infected cells and stimulate production of anti-viral components in neighboring cells? |
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Definition
alpha and beta interferon |
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Term
what interferon induce resistance to viral replication in all cells, increase MHC class expression and antigen presentation in all cells, and activate NK cells to kill virus infected cells? |
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Definition
alpha and beta interferon |
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Term
what is also known as the "neighborhood watch"? |
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Definition
alpha and beta interferon |
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Term
gamma interferon is produced by ______ T cells, ________, and________ |
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Definition
CD4, CD8 T cells, and NK cells |
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Term
what interferon activates macrophages (and neutrophils) (solicits their help!), has broader (systemic) effect than alpha and beta? |
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Definition
gamma interferon (or interferon gamma- IFN-y) |
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Term
what interferon can be thought of as "calling the police or FBI"? |
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Definition
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Term
____________ are often used as treatment for certain viral diseases like HCV and some cancers |
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Definition
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Term
what are the second line of defense 3 processes? |
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Definition
phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever |
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Term
what are the 4 steps of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
1) chemotaxis of phagocyte 2) adherence 3) ingestion of microbe by phagocyte 4) digestion of microbe by enzymes 5) elimination (exocytosis) |
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Term
what are the 4 steps of inflammation? |
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Definition
1) a cut penetrates the epidermis barrier and bacteria invade 2) damaged cells release prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine including mast cells 3) prostaglandins and leukotrienes make vessels more permeable. histamine causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the site 4) macrophages and neutrophils squeeze through walls of blood vessels (diapedesis) |
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Term
step 5,6,7,8, and 9 of inflammation is what? |
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Definition
5) increased permeability allows antimicrobial chemicals and clotting proteins to seep into damaged tissue but also results in swelling, pressure on nerve endings, and pain 6) blood clot forms 7) more phagocytes migrate to the site and devour bacteria 8) accumulation of damaged tissue and leukocytes form pus 9) undifferentiated stem cells repair the damaged tissue. blood clot is absorbed or falls off as a scab |
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Term
______________ which have become engorged with bacteria usually die and largely make up the material of pus |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 4 causes of fever in the second line of defense? |
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Definition
IL-1,IL-2, lipid A (endotoxin), and teichoic acid fragments |
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Term
what are the 4 steps of fever? |
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Definition
1) IL-1 secreted by phagocytes travel in blood to hypothalamus 2) hypothalamus secrete prostaglandin, which resets hypothalamic thermostat 3) nerve impulses cause shivering, higher metabolic rate, inhibition of sweating, and vasocontriction 4) these increase body temperature to the point set by the hypothalamic thermostat |
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Term
what line of defense is known as acquired immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
what line of defense is antigen specific, establishes memory, and distinguishes "self from non-self" |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 2 divisions of the 3rd line of defense? |
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Definition
humoral and cell-mediated |
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Term
what division of the 3rd line of defense is comprised of B cells and the antibodies produced by them? |
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Definition
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Term
what division of the 3rd line of defense is helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and is critical in the defense against intracellular pathogens and other intracellular abnormalities like cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
what 3rd line of defense division is critical in the defense against "bloodborne pathogens" and is extracellular pathogens? |
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Definition
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Term
in acquired immune system B cells and T cells are involved based on communication with _______ |
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Definition
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Term
the 3rd line of defense include what 4 cells? |
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Definition
macrophages, dendritic cells, and sometimes T cells and B cells |
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