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4338 unit 2 flashcards
unit 2 flashcards
233
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
10/15/2012

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Term
when are the 4 times Abx combination therapy is necessary?
Definition
1) emergency
2) infection likely to caused by more than one m/o
3) to achieve synergy
4) to prevent /delay development of resistance
Term
Abx combination therapy is necessary in emergency of what?
Definition
bacterial meningitis and sepsis
Term
Abx combination therapy is necessary in what infection likely to be caused by more than one m/o?
Definition
perianal abscess and burst appendix
Term
what are three ways we prevent and limit the spread of microbes?
Definition
prophylactic/prophylaxis, chemoprophylaxis, and immunoprophylaxis
Term
prophylactic/prophylaxis is?
Definition
prevent
Term
chemoprophylaxis is?
Definition
the use of chemicals to prevent an infection by reducing risk from contact or reduce normal microflora
Term
immunoprophylaxis is?
Definition
the use of immune serums to prevent disease
-immune serums ~ antigen (microbes)
-vaccines
Term
to cause a disease a pathogen must do these 5 things?
Definition
1) contact the host
2) colonize the host
3) infect the host
4) evade host defense system
5) damage host tissues
Term
a pathogen must contact the host to be?
Definition
transmissible
Term
a pathogen must colonize the host by?
Definition
adhering to and being able to grow on host surfaces
Term
a pathogen must infect the host by?
Definition
proliferating in host cells or tissues - grow well
Term
a pathogen must damage the host tissue by?
Definition
physical and/or chemical destruction of host cells and tissues
Term
what is immunotherapy?
Definition
the use of immune serums (WBC compounds like interferons, interleukins...) for treatment of
disease
Term
Immunotherapy is used when?
Definition
You knowingly have an infection (chronic) and want to minimize symptoms and risk of spreading
Term
Gamma interferon is used to treat what ?
Definition
HCV a chronic viral disease
Term
Immunotherapy is used when?
Definition
You knowingly have an infection (chronic) and want to minimize symptoms and risk of spreading
Term
Gamma interferon is used to treat what ?
Definition
HCV a chronic viral disease
Term
________ _________ is a chemical message produced by certain WBC to inhibit virus replication and spreading ("contain" the virus)
Definition
gamma interferon
Term
what are the 5 problems with use of antibiotic?
Definition
toxicity, hypersensitivity, organism resistance, allows for excessive growth of normal flora, and antibiotic may not be able to penetrate difficult to reach areas
Term
what are 3 places antibiotic cannot penetrate?
Definition
bones, sinus, and ears
Term
what antibiotic has the side effect of aplastic anemia?
Definition
chloramphenicol which is a static broad spectrum
Term
what is number 1 prevention of infection?
Definition
handwashing
Term
with "hospital acquired" infection the greater your _______ the greater your risk
Definition
trauma
Term
for prevention of "hospital acquired" infection you use hand washing and what else?
Definition
you control the carries and have isolation
Term
nosocomial setting includes?
Definition
hospital and nursing homes
Term
medical asepsis is?
Definition
removing all pathogens
Term
surgical asepsis is?
Definition
sterilization
Term
what are examples of ways to prevent infection?
Definition
1) use face mask and gown for isolation
2)gell in and gell out
3)proper disposal of hazardous material
Term
what is epidemiology?
Definition
science that is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of disease and injuries in human population
Term
what are the various degrees of disease outbreak can occur?
Definition
1) sporadic
2) endemic
3) epidemic
4) pandemic
Term
sporadic disease outbreak is what?
Definition
random like 1-2 people out of millions
Term
endemic disease outbreak is what?
Definition
low level in geographic region like an acceptable level of disease in a population
Term
epidemic disease outbreak is what?
Definition
explosive outbreak in a population
explosive # well beyond normal
Term
pandemic disease outbreak is what?
Definition
worldwide
Term
water is a major reservoir and vehicle of communicable disease such as _______ and ________ _______ (1849-1856)
Definition
cholera and typhoid fever
Term
identification of arthropod vectors for many diseases is a result of what?
Definition
epidemiology
Term
malaria, yellow fever. sleeping sickness, and typhus are diseases caused by what?
Definition
arthropod vectors
Term
what is arthropod vectors?
Definition
insects that spread disease
Term
what is an important vector for typhoid, diptheria, and polio
Definition
asymptomatic carrier
Term
what 3 important things we learned from epidemiology?
Definition
1) water as a reservoir (1849-1856)
2) arthropod vectors (1895-1909)
3) asymptomatic carrier (1893-1905)
Term
typhoid Mary is an example of what?
Definition
asymptomatic carrier
Term
what is a person who looks and feels fine but harbors a disease?
Definition
asymptomatic carrier
Term
what is a communicable disease?
Definition
a disease whose agent is directly or indirectly transmitted from host to host
Term
disease that is directly transmitted directly from person to person is?
Definition
contagious
Term
what is a medium that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and opportunity for transmission?
Definition
reservoir
Term
an example of an animate reservoir is?
Definition
living and zoonoses(animals)
Term
an example of inanimate reservoir is?
Definition
non-living (soil, water, foods...)
Term
what two reservoir are there?
Definition
animate and inanimate
Term
what two ways does disease originate from microorganisms?
Definition
endogenous and exogenous
Term
disease originate from m/o endogenous when?
Definition
normal microflora is misplaced or overgrows
Term
disease originate from m/o exogenous when?
Definition
the microbe is never normal or common microflora
Term
vaginal candida albicans originate from microorganisms how?
Definition
endogenous
Term
what yeast infection develops during antibiotic treatment?
Definition
vaginal candida albicans
Term
T. pallidum originate from microorganisms how?
Definition
exogenous
Term
N. gonorrhoeae originate from microorganism how?
Definition
exogenous
Term
what causes syphilis?
Definition
T. pallidum
Term
what causes gonorrhea?
Definition
N. gonorrhoeae
Term
what are 6 ways spreading and transmission of disease can occur?
Definition
1)direct contact
2)indirect contact
3)airborne: respiratory droplets
4)oral (fecal-oral)route
5)parenteral (injection)
-needle stick; insect bite
6) mucous membrane contact
Term
what is the kissing disease?
Definition
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
Term
______ and _________ disease can spread through mucous membrane contact
Definition
EBV and chlamydia
Term
small droplet that people cough in the air is know as?
Definition
nuclei
Term
true or false
after someone cough the disease can stay in the air for 2 hours
Definition
true
Term
human microflora is?
Definition
relationship with microorganisms
Term
true or false
we outnumber bacteria
Definition
false
Term
what is the host responses to infectious disease?
Definition
immunology
Term
what is studying antibodies
Definition
serology
Term
infectious disease can be diagnosed using what technique?
Definition
serological
Term
microbes live with their hosts in _________ relationships
Definition
symbiotic
Term
symbiosis means what?
Definition
to live together
Term
what are 3 examples of symbiosis?
Definition
mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism
Term
bacteria in your colon is an example of what type of symbiosis?
Definition
mutualism
Term
what produces vitamin K in your colon?
Definition
E.coli
Term
yes or no
is E.coli part of our normal bowel flora (NBF)?
Definition
yes
Term
how much E.coli is there in the intestine?
Definition
1%
Term
what break down food we can't ingest and produces vitamin K, vitamin B, and fatty acids?
Definition
E.coli
Term
what is a symbiosis relationship that 2 organisms live together and both members benefit?
Definition
mutualism
Term
what is a symbiosis relationship in which one organism grows, feeds and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host?
Definition
parasitism
Term
M.tuberculosis in the human lung is an example of what type of symbiosis relationship?
Definition
parasitism
Term
what symbiosis relationship is a most concern to health care professionals?
Definition
parasitism
Term
what symbiosis relationship has two organisms live together with no apparent benefit or harm to either member of the association?
Definition
commensalism
Term
staphylococcus epidermidis on skin is an example of what type of symbiosis relationship?
Definition
commensalism
Term
when two microbe live together and have a neutral relationship is what symbiosis relationship?
Definition
commensalism
Term
under normal circumstances normal microbial flora is?
Definition
good
Term
true or false
most members of the normal bacterial flora will colonize any tissue
Definition
false
Term
most members of the normal bacterial flora tendency to colonize certain tissues and not other is due to what?
Definition
properties of both the host and the bacterium
Term
yes or no
oxygen requirement limit when microorganism can grow
Definition
yes
Term
when in your life to you establish your normal flora?
Definition
during your teenager years
Term
true or false
you are not sterile when born
Definition
false
Term
yes or no
the human microbiome differs slightly with each individual?
Definition
yes
Term
the microbes that colonizes your body when your are born are directly related to what 3 factors?
Definition
1) who touches you
2) the food you eat
3) the environment you live in
Term
when two microbe live together and have a neutral relationship is what symbiosis relationship?
Definition
commensalism
Term
what are the 4 normal human microflora?
Definition
1) oral and upper respiratory tract flora
2) GI tract flora
3) Urogenital Flora
4) skin
Term
what inhabit the gingival crevice in the oral cavity?
Definition
streptococcal anaerobes
Term
what is the point of entry and initial colonization for Neisseria, Bordetella, Corynebacterium, and Streptococcus spp?
Definition
nasopharynx
Term
what GI Tract Flora has variety of possible but few numerically; transient?
Definition
stomach
Term
where is Helicobacter pylori flora found?
Definition
stomach
Term
what GI Tract has flora that is sparse?
Definition
duodenal flora
Term
what flora does Ileum/jejunum have?
Definition
mixed flora with increase in numbers as you get closer to large intestine
Term
flora of the large intestines are what?
Definition
dense
Term
what has predominantly facultative and strict anaerobe?
Definition
flora of the large intestine
Term
what flora's organisms participate in bile acid conversion and in vitamin K and ammonia production in the large bowel?
Definition
large intestine
Term
what flora can cause intestinal abscesses and peritonitis?
Definition
flora of the large intestine
Term
vaginal flora changes with what 3 things?
Definition
1) age of the individual
2) the vaginal pH
3) hormone levels
Term
skin flora is what
Definition
variety - transient
Term
is the stomach sterile?
Definition
no
Term
95% of normal flora is where?
Definition
large intestine
Term
___________ and ___________ __________ work together to use up oxygen
Definition
facultative & strict anaerobes
Term
why are there few flora in the duodenal?
Definition
because there is bile and enzymes changes
Term
the normal gut flora increases from the _______ to the_________ to the __________
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Term
as you move down the small intestine through the large, the number of bacteria and number of different genera/species increases or decreases?
Definition
increases
Term
lactobacilli, Enterococci, Streptococci, and Clostidium are found where?
Definition
lower digestive tract- jejunum/upper ileum; ileum; large intestines
Term
aerobic and anaerobic microbe mix in what body site?
Definition
upper respiratory: nasopharynx region, buccal region, upper trachea
Term
what 5 bacteria are found in the reproductive system?
Definition
1) lactobacillus
2) streptococcus
3) staphylococcus
4) clostridium
5) candida
Term
the eyes have sparse Gram-positive
______ and Gram-negative ______ (possibly Staphylococcus)
Definition
cocci and rods
Term
propioniibacterium, Corynebacterium species, some Streptococci, Staphylococci species, Micrococcus, Candida are found in what body site?
Definition
the skin
Term
many flora found in large numbers in
___________ many have never been identifies
Definition
saliva
Term
Acidic environment of stomach and enzymatic/basic environment of duodenum is not conductive to microorganism survival- which can be altered with what medication?
Definition
antacids
Term
does the flow of urine prevents the extensive colonization of urethra/
Definition
yes
Term
what are the 6 axenic locations?
Definition
1) Blood
2) CSF
3) Deep Tissue (Muscle, etc.)
4) Body fluids (such as urine, extracellular fluids- synovial fluid-, intracellular fluid...)
5) urinary tract, from bladder up
6) bronchi of lungs
Term
are sinuses, inner and middle ear, and lower respiratory sterile?
Definition
yes
Term
what is called when normally commensal, even mutualistic organisms cause disease?
Definition
opportunists
Term
what are 3 "opportunities"?
Definition
1) immune suppression
2) changes in normal microbiota that upset the "balance" in the body
3) relocation - normal microbiota are introduction to an abnormal location in the body
Term
what keeps the normal microflora in check?
Definition
immune system
Term
what can suppress the immune system?
Definition
HIV, stress, medication (transplant patients), lack of sleep, and lack of nutrients
Term
an example of changes in the normal microbiota that upset the "balance" in the body is?
Definition
candida albicans and thrush or yeast
Term
an example of relocation when normal microbiota are introduced to an abnormal location in the body is?
Definition
E.coli normal in large intestine found in urethra and bladder
Term
nonspecific defenses are __________ which means "born with"
Definition
innate
Term
the 1st line of defense are?
Definition
skin, mucous membranes, and chemicals
Term
2nd line of defense are?
Definition
phagocytosis, complement, intergeron, inflammation, and fever
Term
the 1st line and 2nd line of defense are know as?
Definition
nonspecific defenses
Term
the 3rd line of defense are?
Definition
lymphocytes and antibodies
Term
the 3rd line of defense is know as?
Definition
specific defenses
Term
what line of defense is
-innate, nonspecific
-reacts "the same" to all pathogens
-no memory
Definition
the 1st line
Term
what line of defense has physical/ chemical barriers which includes
1) skin (dry, keratin-rich)
2)a.secretions (sweat and sebum - acidic pH, salty)
b. lysozyme - an enzyme found in tears and saliva that has powerful digestive capabilities
3) mucous membranes, ciliated cells, etc
Definition
the 1st line of defense
Term
which line of defense is innate, nonspecific, and reacts (almost) "the same" to all pathogen?
Definition
2nd line of defense
Term
what line of defense has no memory and often works directly with or stimulates the third line of defense (the adaptive/acquired immune system- known as the "memory" system)?
Definition
2nd line of defense
Term
what are the 3 components of the second line of defense?
Definition
leukocytes (WBC), chemicals/chemical actions, and processes
Term
what does leukocytes (WBC) have?
Definition
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Term
what are the chemicals/ chemical actions of the second line of defense?
Definition
a. cytokines - signaling molecules
b. opsonins and opsonization
c. complement (which can act as opsonins...)
d. interferons
e. others.....
Term
what are the 3 processes of the second line of defense?
Definition
a. phagocytosis
b. inflammation
c. fever
Term
erythroid stem cell, myeloid stem cell, and lymphoid stem cell came from where?
Definition
blood stem cell in bone marrow
Term
platelets, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte came where?
Definition
myeloid stem cell
Term
erythrocyte came from where?
Definition
erythroid stem cell
Term
what myeloid stem cell deal with inflammation?
Definition
basophil
Term
what myeloid stem cells deal with phagocytosis?
Definition
neutrophil, eosinophil, and monocyte
Term
what erythroid stem cell deal with gas transpotion?
Definition
erythrocyte
Term
lymphocyte came from what stem cell?
Definition
lymphoid stem cell
Term
what is named based on the appearance of visible granules in the cellular cytoplasm?
Definition
granulocytes
Term
granulocytes include what 3?
Definition
basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or PMNs)
Term
what has blue granules and has 0.5-1.0% normally present in cellular cytoplasm?
Definition
basophils
Term
what has red-orange granules and has 2-4% normally present in cellular cytoplasm?
Definition
eosinophils
Term
what has lilac/lavender granules and 60-70% normally present in cellular cytoplasm?
Definition
neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocyte, or PMNs)
Term
_______________ has granules filled with histamine (like tissue bound Mast cells)
Definition
basophils
Term
what granulocyte function in allergies and inflammation?
Definition
basophils
Term
what granulocyte bind IgE antibodies to cause it to degranulate and cannot phagocytose?
Definition
basophils
Term
what granulocyte is used to treat helminth (worm) infections, inflammation, can phagocytose; extracellular killing (bind and act on cell (worms) coated with complement?
Definition
eosinophils
Term
what granulocyte is a key phagocytic cell and increases in bacterial infections?
Definition
neutrophils
Term
lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes are what?
Definition
agranulocytes
Term
monocytes matures into either ___________ or ____________ cells
Definition
macrophages or dendritic cells
Term
_____________ include B cells, T cells both acquired immunity (3rd line) and act specifically
Definition
lymphocytes
Term
natural killer (NK) cells bind to virally infected or abnormal cells and releases granules containing _____________ and _______________
Definition
perforin and granzymes
Term
targeted cells are destroyed by natural killer cells via what?
Definition
apoptosis
Term
natural killer cells killing is _____________
Definition
extracellular
Term
what 2 types of macrophages are there?
Definition
wandering and fixed macrophages
Term
what wander in blood looking for pathogens?
Definition
wandering
Term
___________ ____________ strategically concentrate in specific areas that are more vulnerable to intruders, like the lungs or the intestine
Definition
fixed macrophages
Term
natural killer cells bind to virally infected or abnormal cells how?
Definition
by detecting cells that have reduced or no class I MHC expression ( which is abnormal)
Term
cells that "hang out" mostly in the skin, nose, lungs, and digestive system are?
Definition
dendritic cells
Term
when dendritic cells ingest a foreign particle, they become activated and travel to the lymph nodes where they activate what?
Definition
T cells
Term
as a group, all dendritic cells, macrophages + monocytes make up the system known as ____________ which emphasize the microscopic appearance and primary functions of the group of cells
Definition
the mononuclear phagocytic system
Term
what are the 3 components of the second line of defense?
Definition
1) leukocytes (WBC)
2) chemicals/chemical actions
3) processes
Term
leukocytes (WBC) component of the second line of defense include ___________ and _____________
Definition
granulocytes and agranulocytes
Term
chemical/chemical actions component of the second line of defense include what four?
Definition
cytokines, opsonins and opsonization, complement protein, and interferons
Term
what are a signaling molecules?
Definition
cytokines
Term
complement proteins are able to function as what?
Definition
opsonins
Term
the processes component of the second line of defense include what 3?
Definition
phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever
Term
what 5 steps do WBCs leave blood stream and enter tissues?
Definition
1) circulating lymphocyte enters the high endothelial venule in the lymph node
2) binding of l-selectin to GlyCAM- and CD34 allows rolling interaction
3) LFA-1 is activated by chemokines bound to extracellular matrix
4) activated LFA-1 binds tightly to ICAM-1
5) diapedesis- lymphocyte migrate into the lymph node
Term
a group of small blood proteins that regulate cellular function (predominantly made by WBCs) is called what?
Definition
cytokines
Term
cytokines made my lymphocytes are called what?
Definition
lymphokines
Term
what cytokines acts as growth regulator of T cells and B cells and produces macrophages, monocytes and B cells also serves as an endogenous pyrogen, which stimulate fever?
Definition
interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Term
what cytokines stimulate the proliferation of T cells and activates NK cells?
Definition
interleukin-2 (IL-2)
Term
what cytokines kills cells, including tumor cells and is produced by T cells which is activated macrophages?
Definition
Tumor Necrosis Factor- (TNF-a and TNF-b)
Term
what cytokines causes phagocytic white cells of all types to differentiate and divide, produces ThI & macrophages and targets phagocytes?
Definition
colony stimulating factors (CSF)
Term
what are the 5 cytokines?
Definition
1) interleukin-1 (IL-1)
2) interleukin-2 (IL-2)
3) interleukin-6 (IL-6)
4) tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a & TNF-b)
5) colony stimulating factors (CSF)
Term
key actions that attribute to TNF-alpha are what 4?
Definition
macrophages, endothelium, hepatocytes, and synoviocytes
Term
TNFa has macrophages which increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase chemokines as a result causes?
Definition
increased inflammation
Term
TNFa endothelium has high adhesion molecules and high vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that causes _____________ and __________
Definition
increased cell infiltration and increased angiogenesis
Term
TNFa hepatocytes has high acute phase response which cause what?
Definition
increased CRP in serum
Term
TNFa synoviocytes has high metalloproteinase synthesis which causes what?
Definition
articular cartilage degradation
Term
___________ is defined as coating of pathogens by proteins, thus increasing their vulnerability to phagocytes (phagocytosis)
Definition
opsonization
Term
what leads to or causes opsonization
Definition
opsonins
Term
an example of opsonins are what 2?
Definition
complement proteins and antibodies
Term
___________ is made of series of serum proteins/protein fragments that can act as opsonins, chemotactic factors, and can indirectly trigger inflammation and fever?
Definition
complement
Term
inflammatory reaction, and/or phagocytosis, and/or formation of MAC complex and lysis of foreign cells are the end result of what?
Definition
complement activation
Term
complement is activated what two ways?
Definition
classical pathway and alternative pathway
Term
classical pathway start with antibody and bind with?
Definition
antigen
Term
alternate pathway doesn't use antibody but ________ and _________
Definition
C3a and C3b
Term
both classical and alternative complement pathways can result in what 3 actions?
Definition
opsonization, inflammation, and membrane attack complex and cell lysis
Term
what are 3 steps that classical complement pathway work?
Definition
1) start with serum protein C1 becoming activated on binding to Ab-Ag complex
2) leads to subsequent binding and activation of additional serum protein in a systematic manner
3) end result is formation of Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
Term
GN or GP are vulnerable to Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)?
Definition
GN
Term
alternative complement pathway is activated by what?
Definition
bacterial cell surface molecules
Term
alternative complement pathway is activated by bacterial cell surface including ______________ from GN, ______________ from positive cell walls and some parasite surface molecules
Definition
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and teichoic acid
Term
MAC formation can form with ____________ and ___________ complement pathways
Definition
alternative and classical
Term
________________ makes a pathogen look much more delicious
Definition
opsonized
Term
in MAC complex chemoattractants, such as _________, attract phagocyte to organisms to be be ingested
Definition
C3a
Term
in MAC complex _____ coats organisms and attaches to C3b receptors on phagocyte
Definition
C3b
Term
in MAC complex organism is engulfed into a _____________
Definition
phagosome
Term
in MAC complex phagosome fuses with lysosome to produce ___________
Definition
phagolysosome
Term
in MAC complex organism is killed within the ________________ and digestion & breakdown of organism also occurs there
Definition
phagolysosome
Term
bacterium swells and eventually bursts when _________ and _________ diffuse into the bacterium through the holes made by complement protein forming complexes of protein
Definition
water and salts
Term
what are the two interferons in the second line of defense?
Definition
alpha/beta interferon and gamma interferon (IFN-y)
Term
what interferon act locally, is released hours after infection, last 3-4 days, released by certain WBCs and virally infected cells and stimulate production of anti-viral components in neighboring cells?
Definition
alpha and beta interferon
Term
what interferon induce resistance to viral replication in all cells, increase MHC class expression and antigen presentation in all cells, and activate NK cells to kill virus infected cells?
Definition
alpha and beta interferon
Term
what is also known as the "neighborhood watch"?
Definition
alpha and beta interferon
Term
gamma interferon is produced by ______ T cells, ________, and________
Definition
CD4, CD8 T cells, and NK cells
Term
what interferon activates macrophages (and neutrophils) (solicits their help!), has broader (systemic) effect than alpha and beta?
Definition
gamma interferon (or interferon gamma- IFN-y)
Term
what interferon can be thought of as "calling the police or FBI"?
Definition
IFN-y
Term
____________ are often used as treatment for certain viral diseases like HCV and some cancers
Definition
interferon
Term
what are the second line of defense 3 processes?
Definition
phagocytosis, inflammation, and fever
Term
what are the 4 steps of phagocytosis?
Definition
1) chemotaxis of phagocyte
2) adherence
3) ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
4) digestion of microbe by enzymes
5) elimination (exocytosis)
Term
what are the 4 steps of inflammation?
Definition
1) a cut penetrates the epidermis barrier and bacteria invade
2) damaged cells release prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and histamine including mast cells
3) prostaglandins and leukotrienes make vessels more permeable. histamine causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow to the site
4) macrophages and neutrophils squeeze through walls of blood vessels (diapedesis)
Term
step 5,6,7,8, and 9 of inflammation is what?
Definition
5) increased permeability allows antimicrobial chemicals and clotting proteins to seep into damaged tissue but also results in swelling, pressure on nerve endings, and pain
6) blood clot forms
7) more phagocytes migrate to the site and devour bacteria
8) accumulation of damaged tissue and leukocytes form pus
9) undifferentiated stem cells repair the damaged tissue. blood clot is absorbed or falls off as a scab
Term
______________ which have become engorged with bacteria usually die and largely make up the material of pus
Definition
neutrophils
Term
what are the 4 causes of fever in the second line of defense?
Definition
IL-1,IL-2, lipid A (endotoxin), and teichoic acid fragments
Term
what are the 4 steps of fever?
Definition
1) IL-1 secreted by phagocytes travel in blood to hypothalamus
2) hypothalamus secrete prostaglandin, which resets hypothalamic thermostat
3) nerve impulses cause shivering, higher metabolic rate, inhibition of sweating, and vasocontriction
4) these increase body temperature to the point set by the hypothalamic thermostat
Term
what line of defense is known as acquired immunity?
Definition
3rd line of defense
Term
what line of defense is antigen specific, establishes memory, and distinguishes "self from non-self"
Definition
3rd line of defense
Term
what are the 2 divisions of the 3rd line of defense?
Definition
humoral and cell-mediated
Term
what division of the 3rd line of defense is comprised of B cells and the antibodies produced by them?
Definition
humoral
Term
what division of the 3rd line of defense is helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and is critical in the defense against intracellular pathogens and other intracellular abnormalities like cancer?
Definition
cell-mediated
Term
what 3rd line of defense division is critical in the defense against "bloodborne pathogens" and is extracellular pathogens?
Definition
humoral
Term
in acquired immune system B cells and T cells are involved based on communication with _______
Definition
Antigen Presenting Cell
Term
the 3rd line of defense include what 4 cells?
Definition
macrophages, dendritic cells, and sometimes T cells and B cells
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