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1. AUDITORY MECHANISM 2. VESTIBULAR MECHANISM 3. CN VIII |
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AUDITORY MECHANISM INVOLVES |
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VESTIBULAR MECHANISM PARTS |
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3 SEMICIRCULAR CANALS UTRICLE SACCULE |
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TEMPORAL BONE 2 CAVITY SYSTEMS 1 house Vestibular Organs 1 houses Cochlea |
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FLUID-FILLED either endolymph or perilymph Windows will separate the middle ear & inner ear due to fluid v. air filling |
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Separates ME and IE footplate of Stapes sits |
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immediate entryway-filled with perilymph fluid |
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intricately winding cave of inner ear bony v. membranous |
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Vestibular organs, contained in the same bony labyrinth as the cochlea, maintain the sense of balance and equilibrium -composed of 3 SCC stemming from fluid-filled sac called vestibule |
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FLUID IN UTRICLE & SACCULE |
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INSIDE THE Utircle & Saccule: |
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Macula is covered with a gelatinous substance containing tiny crystals called _____; provide mass that facilitates movement of macular cells in response to linear motion |
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OTOLITHS/OTOCONIA = CYRSTALS |
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Semicircular Canals attach/arise to Vestibula by _____ |
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Utricle: each of the canals has a bulge near 1 of its attachments with the utricle, part of the vestibule |
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Canals return ot utricle through enlarges areas/bulges called ____ |
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AMPULLA -contains the receptor organs called cristae ampulators |
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1. Superior - Anterior 2. Horizontal - Lateral 3. Posterior - Posterior |
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VESTIBULAR INNERVATION Ampulla of the SCCs, Utricle, Saccule contain ______ which synapse with Vestibular neurons of _____ |
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VESTIBULAR INNERVATION Ampulla of the SCCs, Utricle, Saccule contain HAIR CELLS which synapse with Vestibular neurons of CN VIII |
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______ in the Vestibular Organs Causes the Hair Cells to move |
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FLUID in the Vestibular Organs Causes the Hair Cells to move |
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SCCs are arranged ____ to 1 another to sense ____ called ___ Motion |
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SCCs are arranged PERPENDICULAR to 1 another to sense DIFFERENT RANGE OF MOTION called ANGULAR Motion |
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Utricle & Saccule respond to ____ & ____ movement |
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Utricle & Saccule respond to GRAVITY & LINEAR movement
Utricle: forward & back Saccule: up & down |
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Ability to Maintain Balance Depends on Info From: |
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1. Eyes 2. Proprioception (muslces & joints in space) 3. Vestibular System |
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Have ___ Vestibular System |
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Have 2 Vestibular Systems (1 on each side of the head) work to send symmetrical signals to the brain) |
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Auditory Mechanism: to _____ the mechanical energy from ____ ear into a form of energy read by brain which is ____ energy |
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Auditory Mechanism: to TRANSDUCE the mechanical energy from MIDDLE ear into a form of energy read by brain which is ELECTRICAL energy |
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small, snail like1 cm wide at base and swirls up toward apex (5mm high) 35 mm long makes 2 3/4 coils 2 openings: windows |
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Cochlea Coils around Center Axis Called _____ from which a bony shelf, _____ protrudes with _____ (tiny openings allowing nerve fibers) |
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Cochlea Coils around Center Axis Called MODIOLUS from which a bony shelf, SPIRAL LAMINA protrudes with HABENULA PERFORATA(tiny openings allowing nerve fibers) |
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Base of the Modiolus goes up against ____ |
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Base of Modiolus goes up against INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS |
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____ is the Canal that Houses CNVIII |
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Tiny openings along the Spiral Lamina that allow nerve fibers to pass through |
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Membrane that Separates Scala Media from Scala Vestibuli |
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Membrane Separates Scala Media from Scala Tympani |
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Upper Duct of Cochlea closer to vestibular system |
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Suspended within the cochlea is membranous labyrinth called ___ or cochlear duct |
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______ opens into the Scala Vestibuli |
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_____ Opens into the Scala Tympani |
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The _____ allows communication between the scala Vestibule and Scala Tympani |
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Helicotrema is located near ____ of cochlea |
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Describe Perilymph Fluid of Inner Ear |
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HIGH [Na] low [k] S. Vestibule and S. Tympani (makes sense b/c connect at Helicotrema) |
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Describe Endolymph Fluid of Inner Ear |
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low [Na] HIGH [k] in membraneous parts (SSCs, Utricle, Saccule) & in Scala Media |
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dynamics in IE are critical for appropriate function of Cochlea and Vestibular System -Vertigo -Imbalance -Tinnitus -Hearing Loss |
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duct that connects membranous labyrinth of cochlea and vestibular system same fluids |
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Organ of Corti: located in ______ on top of the ______ membrane and runs: |
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Organ of Corti: located in SCALA MEDIAon top of the BASILAR membrane and runs: BASE-APEX OF COCHLEA |
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3 Parts of Organ of Corti |
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1. Supporting Structures 2. Sensory Cellls 3. Nerve Fibers |
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Supporting Structures of Organ of Corti: -Supported by ____ -Form triangular shape _____ -Fluid: |
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Supporting Structures of Organ of Corti: -Supported by PILLARS OF CORTI -Form triangular shape TUNNEL OF CORTI -Fluid: CORTILYMPH |
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Sensory Cells of Organ of Corti: -Inner -Outer -Other |
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Inner: single row 3,500 Outer: 3-5 rows; 12,000 Stereocilia |
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tiny hairs on top of the hair cells on the Outer Hair Cells are embedded in the TECTORIAL MEMBRANE |
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Nerve Fibers connect _______ to the cochlea |
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Nerve Fibers connect AT THE BASE OF THE HAIR CELLS to the cochlea |
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Fibers Exit the Cochlea ______ to form ____ |
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Fibers Exit the Cochlea THROUGH HOLES IN COCHLEA AND GROUP TOGETHER to form SPIRAL GANGLION |
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Fibers Twist like a Rope and Eventually Meet up with Nerve Fibers from Vestibular Branch Where? |
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Cannal of Internal Auditory Meatus to form CN VIII |
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Oval Window displaces _____ at the basal end of the cochlea, propagating a pressure wave toward _____ |
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Oval Window displaces perilymph at the basal end of the cochlea, propagating a pressure wave toward the apex |
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With the Inward Displacemnt at the _____ is matched by outward displacement at the ______ |
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With the Inward Displacemnt at the OVAL WINDOW is matched by outward displacement at the ROUND WINDOW |
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Sound Vibrations introduced in the ______ are Conducted into the _____ because of the displacement of Reisnner's Membrane |
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Sound Vibrations introduced in the S. VESTIBULE are Conducted into the S. MEDIA because of the displacement of Reisnner's Membrane |
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Organ of Corti sits on the ____ Membrane |
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Once Maximum displacement is reached, the wave decays rapidly ... Explain: |
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For every sound there is a point of MAX DISPLACEMENT TRAVELIG WAVE: movement of the fluid |
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Point of Max Displacement of the Basilar Membrane is _____ on the ____ of the Input Signal |
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Point of Max Displacement of the Basilar Membrane is DEPENDENT on the FREQUENCY of the Input Signal |
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Organization of Frequencies in Membrane is called: |
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_____ Produce Max Deflection at Basal End |
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HIGH FREQUENCY Produce Max Deflection at Basal End |
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_____ Produce Max Deflection at the Apical End ( Close to Helicotrema) |
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LOW FREQUENCY produce Max Deflection at the Apical End ( Close to Helicotrema) |
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Basilar Membrane is _____ at apex = less Stiff = Low Frequency |
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Basilar Membrane is WIDE & THICK at Apex = LESS Stiff = LOW Frequency |
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Basilar Membrane is ____ at base = more stiff = Highh Frequency |
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Basilar Membrane is NARROW & THIN at base = MORE stiff = HIGH Frequency |
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Movement of Basilar Membrane causes Dispalcement of ____ and _____ Membrane |
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Hair Cells & Tectorial Membrane (part of Organ of Corti with Stereocilia) |
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twisted motion of stereocilia is called |
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The Shearing Motion of Stereocilia create ______ - explain |
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ELECTRICAL RESPONSE of cochlea: when cilia are sheared, release chemical at BASE of hair cell creates action potential up Auditory Nerve |
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The Faintest (softest) sound level that induces a response from a neuron |
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from hair cell within cochlea and carry info to CNS (away)
Afferent = Away |
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Afferent Fibers leave the cochlea via ____ located in the ____ |
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Afferent Fibers Leave the Cochlea Via HABENULA PERFORATE located in the SPIRAL LAMINA |
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Initiating from higher regions of nervous system & carry info to cells (descend) |
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AUDITORY NERVOUS SYSTEM: CN VIII exits through ______ and enters the brainstem |
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AUDITORY NERVOUS SYSTEM: CN VIII exits through INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS and enters the brainstem |
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Ascending Auditory Nervous System |
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complex pathway through which sound travels though the BRAINSTEM to the AUDITORY CORTEX |
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All Nerve Fibers from the cochlea terminate at _______ on the ____ side |
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All Nerve Fibers from the cochlea terminate at COCHLEAR NUCLEUS on the IPSILATERAL side |
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from the Choclear Nucleus, the ____ pathways are available |
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differentiation of inner ear |
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cochlear turns begin SCCs begin to form |
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scalae are forming SCC reach adult configuration |
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coils of cochlea are complete |
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Organ of Corti Begins to Form |
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Development of IE initially forms as ______ |
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Development of IE initially forms as CARTILAGE, then changes to bone |
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membranous labyrinth is adult size |
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IE DEVELOPMENT: Why is HL more succesptible than balance in children |
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vestibular portion complete early and cochlea later cochlea more susceptible to deviations (more children have HL than balance |
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IE DEVELOPMENT: When is Rudimentary Hearing Developed? |
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IE in full adult form rudimentary hearing |
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IE DEVELOPMENT ____ Portion Complete Early on ______ portion complete Later On |
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VESTIBULAR Portion Complete Early on COCHLEAR portion complete Later On |
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Acoustic Energy is form of_____ channeled into the ear canal by the _____ |
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Acoustic Energy is form of SOUND WAVES channeled into the ear canal by the PINNA |
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Sound Waves strike the ____ causing vibration and change acoustic E into Mechanical E |
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Sound Waves strike the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE causing vibration and change acoustic E into Mechanical E |
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The _____ is attached to the Tympanic Membrane |
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Middle Ear Component which has ____ motion that changes energy into mechanical amplification |
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Malleus OSSICLES into motion |
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Stapes moves in and out of _____ of cochlea creating ____ |
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Stapes moves in & out of OVAL WINDOW createing MOTION IN FLUID |
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Fluid Movement of Cochlea causes membranes in ____ to shear against ____ |
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Fluid Movement of Cochlea causes membranes in ORGAN OF CORTI to shear against HAIR CELLS |
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Hair Cells shearing create ____ Signal which is sent via ____ to brain = sound interpreted |
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Hair Cells shearing create ELECTRICAL Signal which is sent via VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVEto brain = sound interpreted |
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How Sound gets from cochlea to brain is called |
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Basilar Membrane is Wider & Thicker at Apex - _____ Stiff = _____ Frequencies |
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Basilar Membrane is Wider & Thicker at Apex - LESS stiff = LOW freqeuncies |
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More Outer or Inner Hair Cells? |
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OUTER = 3-5 rows and 12,000
inner only 1 row and 3,500 |
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Also called 'Sense Organ of Hearing' |
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