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Definition
● A self-contained second living unit which is built into or attached to an existing single family dwelling
● It is private and generally smaller than the primary unit
● They are controversial because there is the potential that it does not follow the area’s zoning (for example, people could be running a business in their accessory apartment that is illegal)
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the definition
Ritzdorf reading- gender zoning in the United States Traditional family
Ritzdorf characterizes the elements single family house and this accessory apartment falls into
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separate bath and kitchen facilities and have their own independent entrance
○ Remain virtually invisible while enhancing and preserving residential neighborhoods
○ Provision of rental income from these units can make the difference b/w keeping or losing their home for many elderly and female-headed households
○ Provide inexpensive housing units that bring households at a variety of stages in their life cycle into the community, increasing diversity and reducing fluctuation in demand for certain services, such as education
○ Most communities are not adopting ordinances to allow them |
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Term
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Definition
Kostof reading:
○ Late 19t h century: Planners systematically set out to update the prosaic grids of towns across America with Baroque accents, specifically diagonal runs against the regular grain of rectangular blocks → City Beautiful grid run through by diagonals
● Sloane reading:
○ City Beautiful movements represents a fracturing of alliances (some parts of it ignored what earlier generations learned about planning)
○ Tended to value aesthetics over substance
○ Beauty stood supreme with health almond nowhere
● Response to congestion
● Baroque makes a huge comeback
● Everybody should be within walking distance of parks
● A philosophy about architecture
● Mainly associated with Chicago
● The city is concerned with physical appearance and it is concerned with looking nice (aesthetics)
● Early example is the Parkway in Philadelphia
● Daniel Burnham =father of this movement
○ He developed one of the first skyscrapers
○ He was significant because the plan of Chicago was the first to attempt to control city growth
○ He did one of the first master plans- it was called the White City for Colombian Exposition
○ Everybody should be within walking distance of a park
○ He improved development in Chicago |
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Definition
● Covenants – Individual Deed to District wide (16t h Century Growth Control)
○ Done on racial and religious basis
○ Put in place to create districts around certain wants
○ Have a bad reputation
○ Did not allow for predictability
○ Next step towards zoning
● Housing Covenants: Protective/Restrictive
○ Allowed people to say all the place with hatch-marks are where people build subdivisions and you can’t sell house to people who are not white
○ These were put into to create districts that have certain characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
● Transition from use-based codes to form based code
● Can be customized to the particular community
● Function follows form
● Principles:
○ Zone by districts, neighborhoods, and corridors (appropriate along appropriate transportation framework)
○ Focuses on built form, not density or use (which zoning is intended to do)
○ Emphasis on mixed use and mixed housing
○ Attention to design, streetscapes, urban realm
■ Focused less on use and more on scale and intensity of development ● Aspirations
○ Interconnected street networks
○ Quality public spaces (usable and aesthetically pleasing)
○ Diverse uses (housing, land use)
○ Resilient and sustainable neighborhoods
● Easier than conventional codes because they are shorter |
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Definition
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Architectural delineator and illustrator
Was hired to create some illustrations for the McMillan Plan for Washington D.C.
As a result of his success in the Washington plan Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett hired
Guérin to make perspective illustrations for their monumental work, The Plan of Chicago in 1907
○ The spectacular color views of the proposed city, many from a bird's eye perspective, are his most famous works |
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Definition
● Group who oppose the building of unwanted infrastructure near schools and homes
● Fought the construction of highways
● Highways were being built in neighborhoods
○ They were ruining neighborhoods
○ Running through neighborhoods
● Legacy of mothers and housewives against highways continues to live today
● Organizations to protect/fight for what they believe in
● They raise awareness and educate about issues
● Environmental justice- pollution and health implications
● Role of the car was important here because highways were being put up to keep up with cars
● Racism
● Women fought against highway construction to protect against the repercussions that building
them may have (i.e. impacts it could have on the neighborhood) |
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Definition
Clarence Perry wrote this for the Regional Plan of New York 1929
● Used the neighborhood as their unit of analysis
● Residents, shops, church, school
● Space becomes neighborhoods
● Redefined cities and neighborhoods
● In the middle of a neighborhood unit is a school of community center with parks around it
● Within walking distance of a park
● Hard for cars to go around the unit
● Designed for the people who are living in the neighborhood
○ Not visitors
● Believed important for strong social ties
● Promotes safe sidewalks
● Low density and well integrated green space
● Perry was a big early developer- wanted to deal with congestion, wanted there to be enough homes to pay for schools, and for schools to be close
● Perry’s three main discoveries: social unit, planned equivalent, and positive role in social and physical ideal
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5 main unites to the neighborhood unit Center is a school
Major streets are on the border Design internal streets
Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeters
10% of neighborhood dedicated to parks and open space
Criticism: promotes urban sprawl and can be utilized for new urbanism |
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Term
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Definition
● Created by Daniel Burnham in 1909
● There are 6: (think regionally, not just locally)
○ Improved lakefront
○ Creation of a system of highways outside the city (in the form of concentric semicircle roadways)
○ The improvement of railway terminals (trains, tunnels, subways that would enable freight and passengers to travel more efficiently)
○ Acquisition of an outer park system and parkway circuits
○ Systematic arrangement of the streets and avenues
○ Development of centers of intellectual life and of civic administration, so related as to give coherence and unity to the city (new homes for library and museum, creating place for government buildings)
● Appeals to the senses
○ Presented very nicely, uses a lot of illustrations
● Sharpness of detail is not very important
○ Doesn’t want to impose particular form on structures
● Plan is committed to a civic center
● Make Chicago nicer and make it run more efficiently
● Trying to imagine how a city becomes a city, how a region becomes a metropolis → think at neighborhood scale, community scale, city scale, and regional scale
● Comprehensive plan
● Plan is perfectly constructed to try to improve every component of the city
● Have to fix transportation in Chicago -make it more rational, more accessible so people can be happy, start businesses, get jobs, build homes
● We want it to look like the white city, a neoclassical attempt to create the sanity and rationality that Haussman tried to create in Paris
○ Single most used word in Chicago Plan is “Paris” |
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Term
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Definition
● Pope begins to plan how we can connect one piece of Roman space to another using a long straight street
○ Long diagonals
○ Does this in Rome
○ Needs better roads for people, commerce, and safety
● Reinvented the Roman landscape using vistas and monuments
○ He used the obelisk as a space market. These thin, vertical accents fix the terminal point of a straight street without blocking what is behind
● Creates the idea of this end space (huge space/plaza) -i.e. Italy (Piazza del Popolo)
○ It is his way of giving people air to breathe
○ Create this organization and link everything together
● Trying to figure out how to insert places/streets that allow the city a place to breathe
● Rome has long diagonals that go crosswise and to the side
○ In the middle, there is often a building that ties them together
○ Trying to connect them all together
○ Trying to create space that people can use |
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Definition
● The white city is the example of neoclassical attempt to create the symmetry, sanity and rationality that Haussmann tried to create in Paris
● Chicago Plan: Burnham is starting with a city (Chicago) that has a lot going for it and uses Paris as his example
○ We want Chicago to look like a white city
● Built exactly at this moment and after 9 months burned down
● This is a celebration of America
● Fixed and open Vista
○ Using baroque principles on a small scale
○ Fixed vista at the end
○ Large sculpture as an open vista to the lake
● Changes the idea of neoclassical architecture
○ Borrowing from Rome and Greeks and applying it to the present
● The white city changes idea of civic architecture and pushes it to become almost entirely neo-classical
● Represented that it didn’t look like messy, disorganized cities
● America finally sees what it could be
○ We could take that 19t h century, messy city and transform it to an ordinary city like Paris |
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Definition
Main elements: ○ Straight streets
■ Promotes public order by doing away with the nooks and crannies of irregular neighborhoods
■ Practical superiority -connects two points directly and so speeds up communication
■ Increased surge in the use of wheeled carriages in the 16th Century
■ Problem: congestion, loss of unique neighborhoods
○ Baroque “diagonal”
■ Connects 2 points directly
■ Save time and prevent congestion by dividing and segregating traffic
■ Will create triangular blocks to subdivide and occupy -seen as opportunities for public buildings of unusual design
■ Updates the grid by running against the regular grain of rectangular blocks
■ Trivium and polyvium
■ Boulevards and avenues
○ Uniformity and the continuous frontage
■ Conceals irregularities of pre-existing streets
■ Creates a sweeping perspective view and to direct it toward a landmark
■ Variety in unity
● Vistas
○ Framing of a distant view -composed foreground, fixed at the end ● Markers and monuments
○ Triumphal arches
○ Commemorative columns
○ Statues
● Manipulates light well
● Circulation was key |
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Definition
● Chicago Plan of 1909 by Daniel Burnham committed to creating a civic center
● Janin’s black-and-tan elevation of the Civic Center folds out to reveal a vision of an ideal neoclassical cityscape dominated by an elongated dome forty or more stories high that dwarfs the other dignified structures supporting and surrounding it
● The Civic Center is the “keystone of the arch” that is the Plan
● Civic center in this plan embodies civic life
● Civic Center is seen as unifying force
● Most iconic image of the plan was civic center proposed |
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Definition
● Single-use zoning, also known as Euclidean zoning, is a tool of urban planning that controls land uses in a city.
○ “Growth frightens, and must be managed through separation.” Zoning by USE in response to congestion. (helps congestion)
● Zoning that creates predictability
● Practiced in NYC
● Land uses were divided into residential, commercial and industrial areas (which are zoning districts)
● From a court case in Euclid, Ohio
● Jane Jacobs writes a lot about the connection between Euclidian zoning and the displacement of communities in NY
● Promotes urban sprawl
● Racial and socioeconomic segregation
● Traditional zoning codes |
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Definition
● Robert Moses vs. Jane Jacobs
○ He wanted to build a freeway and she opposed
○ She ended up winning
● Destruction that came with freeways ○ Neighborhoods
● Freeways are negatively framed
● MELA
○ New models of motherhood
● Avila- freeway was a suburban mistake
● Car makes everything more spread out because people can travel more easily
● Freeways demolish homes
● Pollution, health
● Environmental justice/ injustice
● Second wave of feminism
○ Made women feel more isolated |
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Definition
● Had a plan to recreate Paris in 1850
○ Completed Henry IV’s renovation of medieval Paris
● Became famous for his ideas of Boulevards
● Paris is considered the city of light
● Key components:
○ Infrastructure (aqueducts, train stations and parks)
■ One of the justifications for the street renovations: Paris is a very old city with poor water systems
○ Public space: new boulevard system, plazas, monuments
○ Design standards
■ Most important
■ Design standards are an effort to maintain order
■ Straight streets
○ Growth: expand Paris from 12 to 20 arrondissements ● Baroque elements
○ Straight streets for example
○ Implemented Baroque elements from Rome to Paris
● Wanted to overcome crowding and disease |
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Definition
● Midway Avenue: place where you went to be entertained (show, Ferris wheel, etc.) ○ Ex: The Midway: Ferris Wheel and Little Egypt
● Shift from us entertaining ourselves to us being entertained
● Two things are happening at once: 1. Physical change that is represented by the white city and what comes out of it (attempt to find order) 2. Consumer Society (becomes enticing, alluring, sensual, sexual, etc.)
● By 1950s/1960s we have something called “youth culture” |
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Definition
● Public Nuisance Defined: “Substantial interference with the right to use and enjoy land, which may be intentional, negligent or ultra-hazardous in origin, and must be a result of defendant's activity.”
○ Established by English Common Law
○ Very flexible, adaptable to circumstances
○ Ex: that bar, the next bar, the next bar...
● Public nuisance example: Air and water pollution, brothels, obstruction of public ways, storage of explosives
● Private Nuisance example: noise, smell, view other ways one landowner keeps another from enjoying their land
● Still in use today
● Does not allow for predictability
● Created by congestion |
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Definition
● Radburn design for public housing is planned housing estates based on a design originally used in Radburn, New Jersey in 1929
● Typified by the backyards of homes facing the streets and the fronts of homes facing each other over common yards → offshoot of American designs from the Garden City movement
● Referred to as a failed urban design experiment due to the laneways used as common entries and exits to the houses helping to ghetto-ize communities and encourage crimes |
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Definition
● William Whyte created the idea of social space
● Social space: where people can be together, talk, and be safe
○ This is what a successful city street is
○ Quality sitting
● Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980)
○ The findings from the Street Life Project that studied:
■ 16 plazas
■ 3 small parks
■ “A number of odds and ends”/informal recreational areas (city blocks) |
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Definition
● Sociologist, urbanist, journalist, “people-watcher”
● Corporate culture, suburban middle-class → study of human behavior in urban settings
● Street Life Project (1969) : a pioneering research on pedestrian behavior and city dynamics
○ Pioneered research on pedestrian behavior and city dynamics
○ Concept of comfortable spaces, places to sit, moveable chairs, people gather at street corners, people gather in more crowded areas
● Findings: 16 plazas, 3 parks, and informal recreation areas
● Social Spaces
● Moveable chairs
● Mentions what is undesirable to people: homelessness is one example
● Loitering has become a negative term |
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Definition
● American Chicana artist and activist
● Organized over 1,000 young people in Los Angeles to create more than 250 paintings citywide
● Great Wall of Los Angeles
○ Paints a history of the city of LA, but not the version found in history books
○ Includes the story of people of color who had been left out of American history books
○ Defining metaphor of the mural would be that “it is a tattoo on the scar where the river once ran”
● She feminizes the freeway
○ Puts up murals of women
○ Paints women olympic athletes
○ Makes the mural speak to particular experiences of women |
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Definition
● Due to the technological advancements of vehicles, it results in traffic and congestion because more difficult as we transition from horses and coaches to having cars.
● How do you deal with congestion? → You build “satellite cities” (aka a suburb) outside of the main city (*)
● A diverse group made common cause against urban congestion, all believing that they were fighting the same problem by fixing the sewers and building new water systems, clearing the roads of unnecessary traffic, ensuring the safety of children’s milk, relegating certain activities to alleys or service corridors, teaching immigrants new social and business skills, constructing housing with more natural light and space, and setting aside land for parks and playgrounds.
● For Daniel Burnham, diagonals save time, and “prevent congestion by dividing and segregating traffic.”
● Zoning is largely driven by congestion/crowding
● Creates nuisances |
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Definition
● Coined by Jane Jacobs in “The social life of city sidewalks”
● Always someone observing
● Assumption of general street support (safety measure) that comes from trust
● The sum of casual, public contact at a local level is a feeling for public identity of people, a web
of public respect and trust, and a resource in time of personal or neighborhood need → the absence of this trust is a disaster to the city street
● “Eyes on the street” are the business owners, homeowners, etc. that help monitor the streets to ensure neighborhood safety
● Sociological term
● Safety is key (for residents and strangers- must always be safe)
● Orient buildings to point towards the street- this leads to people watching
○ Physical and social relationship ● Keep sidewalks safe |
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Definition
● Controls growth
● Can control density of buildings
● Easy to implement and easy to add to the grid
● Easy to negotiate land (i.e. combine parcels)
● Equally sized spaces
● More egalitarian of a space (not just economics and land use regulation) → Penn wanted a society where everybody had opportunity
● ● ○ ● ○ ● ●
Grids allow land to be monetized more easily (b/c you know prices of the land next to you) Penn used the grid to limit chances of fire (London Fire)
Land use regulations to control density of built environment
Provides a city with organization
Roman army knew exactly where their caps were because of the grid system Help with congestion
Safety |
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Definition
● 1916-2006
● Journalist, author, social activist
● Push for organic urban development, community organizing/involvement vs large-scaled urban renewal, highway construction (enemy: Robert Moses)
● The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961): “an attack on current city planning and rebuilding”
● Her nemesis was large scale urban renewal → Robert Moses
● Intermingling uses of sidewalks
○ Social life on sidewalks does not only mean commercial districts but also residential districts -makes neighborhoods safer and builds a sense of community
● The Social Life of City Sidewalks
○ Contact
■ Balance with private life
○ Trust
■ Notion of public characters than can come to be known as trusted members of the streets
■ Notion of “eyes on the street” -always someone observing, safety measure
■ Trust cannot be institutionalized
■ Impersonal city streets make anonymous people ○ Informal public life as a mediator
■ Balance between institutional/formal and the private
■ Privacy is precious in cities
○ Compares projects in East Harlem and the old part of the city --one street can show the conflict between two different communities that come together
○ Not a lot of pictures in her books → go and see the real cities, listen, linger, and think about what you see
○ A sidewalk life arises only when the concrete, tangible facilities it requires are present
● Inspired new approaches to urban planning and design, which overlapped with contemporary forms of public activism among conservative women, who shared her suspicion of state power and maternal commitment to defending their neighborhoods against federal overreach |
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Definition
● Developer in NY
● Wanted to build highways and bridges
● Wanted to make a highway in the middle and on the sides of Manhattan
○ Goal was to reduce congestion
● Master developer
● Jane Jacobs and a group of women went against him
○ Jacobs won, he didn’t get to build it
● In the reading and in class lecture- Moses was the man who said his development and ideas were being stopped by a bunch of females
● Lower Manhattan expressway
○ Mother in Manhattan fought against it
○ Mother used their children in their arguments -safety, health, etc. |
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Definition
● The boulevard started as a boundary between city and county, and its structure was intended for use as a defensive wall for protection.
● In 1670, with the destruction of the medieval walls of Paris and the filling of the old moats, these sites were transformed into broad elevated promenades, planted with double rows of trees and accessible to carriages and pedestrians
○ These tree-lined ramparts eventually became a system of connected public promenades, “a recreational zone at the edge of the city.”
○ By the 18th century, the west end boulevards of Paris were lined with luxury stores, cafes, and theaters
● This fashion of changing fortifications to promenades was not widespread in Europe until Napoleon
○ When the walls came down, ambitious provincial intendants in the late 18t h century, and the planners of Napoleon in the first decade of the 19t h projected distended systems of boulevards and connecting public spaces as magnificent frames for the city edge.
● Standardization through regulation begins to emerge due to influence of Paris (design standards) |
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Definition
● The theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation
● In Plan of Chicago, Burnham is not thinking about Chicago...he is actually thinking about the region as a whole
● Wants you to think at neighborhood scale, community scale, city scale, and regional scale
● Regional system of parks for everyone in the metropolitan area that’s open to everyone in order to decentralize and decongest
○ Makes city safer, creates the “modern city” |
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Definition
● Daniel Burnham =father of this movement
○ He developed one of the first skyscrapers
○ He was significant because the plan of Chicago was the first to attempt to control city growth
○ He did one of the first master plans- it was called the White City for Colombian Exposition
○ Everybody should be within walking distance of a park
○ He improved development in Chicago |
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Definition
● One of the fastest growing forms of housing in the world
● Timeshares, planned development, condos
○ Ex: mixed use development
● CID is required to have a Homeowners Association
○ In CIDs, owners have undivided rights to common areas and amenities
● Penn’s laying out and early development of Pennsylvania and Philadelphia became America’s first CID (275 years earlier than any other)
○ Quaker values: equal rights in land |
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Term
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Definition
● Ritzdorf reading
● Family imbedded in “married suburban bliss” has shaped much of the municipal land-use planning agenda
○ Cross-culturally, family form is so varied -the nuclear family is not always the central point of reference for minority groups, even for those living within the Euro-American context
● Zoning ordinances have the right (in all but 3 states -Michigan, New Jersey, and CA) to determine household composition
○ Typical ordinance defines a family as an unlimited number of individuals related by blood, adoption or marriage but only a limited number of unrelated individuals living together as a single housekeeping unit
○ They are a potent tool allowing municipalities to exclude residents from their communities
○ Family definitions should be reconsidered
● The right of communities to regulate the intimate composition of family groups should be a major concern for women as we move out of the traditional family land, and whether by necessity or choice, begin to look at alternative living arrangements
● For the vast majority of impoverished women, especially women of color, changes in family definitions will barely begin to address their housing problems |
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Definition
● Growth is the centerpiece for all planning and development
○ You can use infrastructure and regulation to direct and manage growth
● Arguments:
○ Proponents worry about too much density, too many more high rises leading to too much traffic and destroying neighborhood integrity
○ Opponents argue the measure will stop development, eliminate jobs, and limit new housing
● Attempts to stop growth, control growth, manage growth are central to urban planning
● As regulatory power increases, housing market responds
○ Regulations limit ability to build, constraints
● Connection to reading → Queen Elizabeth wanted to completely stop population growth in London because she feared the disorder and chaos it created.
○ Health concerns: Spread of plague is a serious threat associated with growth and overpopulation
○ Economic concerns: Not enough jobs for the increase in population size
○ Social Concerns: If capable people all come to London then everywhere is the drained of capable people
■ Leave! -- You can build, if you obey regulations
● downright kicking people out of London – But it works poorly with the poor.
■ Prohibition: “Inmates; Divided houses; New foundations
● Required the usage of existing foundation to build property = Causing land prices to increase SIGNIFICANTLY.
○ Cannot build on any open land in London
● A single family to a household ONLY
● Single family homes ONLY (no duplex / Quad)
○ Prevents crowding
■ Departures: Rich/Poor banned from London
■ Management: Build with brick; Licenses; Urban design
● Licenses and Regulations to build property to set a standard and limit property building growth. |
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Definition
● Comprehensive planning document for Washington DC
● Improvement of park plan in DC
● Classic European Capital (Imperial Capital)
● Symmetry, rationality, power
● Baroque elements
○ Let light and air reach the pedestrians
● They wanted to narrow the mall and add a lot of grass
● They wanted to build around the grass
○ Put buildings around it for example
● Wanted to add museums and other cultural centers around it
● Wanted to put centers of power near each other |
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Term
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Definition
● Jane Adams talks about the city of Chicago and through a map of household wages, helped figure out what households were in most need of help (in order to provide assistance household by household)
● Middle and upper class women of US fight against poor city conditions through the rise of a national movement called “Municipal Housekeeping” in the 1890s.
○ These women say these aren’t sufficient conditions for children to be raised → Municipal Housekeeping becomes a national movement
○ The city becomes “the house”
○ Argue for housing reform that will make sure every child has good sanitation and clean water → infant mortality rate begins to heavily drop
● Movement of the early twentieth century that was trying to establish order where there was none in existence - and this was out of necessity. They were trying to establish a meaningful pattern of urban places, that could help urban newcomers cope with urban disorder.
○ Issues:
■ Fixing the streets; No green area/parks aka Concrete jungle; Kids playing in the streets and getting in trouble; Neighborhoods were over densified; Unsanitary and poor water systems; High infant mortality rates.
■ Need more park space and services as kids should not be playing in the street, etc., changes, identified dangerous street corners, environmental issues, and begin to argue for house reform to ensure that every child has sanitary and clean water.
■ By the 1940s all US cities, begin to upgrade their water system which lowered infant mortality rates.
○ EX: Hull House (Jane Addams) opened its doors to recently arrived European immigrants , to teach people (predominantly immigrant) how to get jobs, and how to be better all around, provided housing and services. |
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Term
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Definition
● First real estate developer in America
● He was a Quaker running away from religious persecution → holy journey that comes out of the belief that the Quakers need a place (not just doing it for the money)
● Founder of Pennsylvania
● Philadelphia:
○ Grid system , opposite of medieval messy layout (i.e. London), a lot of open space, land use regulations (i.e. setbacks)
○ Wanted to create a “country town” because he hated London (messy, overcrowded, etc).
● He was a success and a failure at the same time
● The Penn Charter, 1891
○ Penn wanted diversity and inclusion (was okay with all religions)
○ Wanted all types of people to come
○ Setbacks, well aligned and planned streets with a good road system (town country)
● Introduced the modern grid and the country town
● Rectangular, grid streets, open space, land use regulation
● Parks, main square, setbacks, set sizes were part of his plan for Pennsylvania |
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Term
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Definition
● An example of the ancient straight street
● William Penn (like many others) began using the similar type of Roman Castra design
● In order to get to a “grand and efficient” style we need to move away from these crammed cities to a much more open and defined city à this is where baroque comes in |
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Term
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Definition
● Attempts to stop growth, control growth, manage growth are central to urban planning
● You can use infrastructure and regulation to direct and manage growth
● Ex: Ventura County
● It is a regional boundary that is set in an attempt to control urban sprawl by mandating that the area inside the boundary be used for higher density urban development and the area outside be used for lower density development
● Local governments use it |
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Term
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Definition
the 3
Meeting of three Circular streets at, or in their divergence from, a piazza
Ex: Versailles
The focal point was the palace, the head plots were grandly designed as the royal stables, and the three avenues were lined with trees
Probably the first Western example of the tree-lined urban street
Radials: the streets fanning out from the main focal point, and can be in groups larger than three (trivium is three radials) |
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