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| A famine in 1845 when the main crop of Ireland, potatoes, was destroyed by disease. Irish farmers grew other food items, such as wheat and oats, but Great Britain required them to export those items to them, leaving nothing for the Irish to live on. As a result, over 1 million Irish died of starvation or disease, while millions of others migrated to the United States. |
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| the process by which artisans and factory workers came to participate in a wage-labor force in which their labor became a commodity of the labor marketplace, and lost control over their own trades as they were industrialized |
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| the act of 1833 that forbade the employment of children under age nine, limited the workday of children 9-13 to nine hours, and required factories to pay for 2 hours of education for these children, which further divided work and home life |
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| The prison system that involved separating prisoners by night but allowing them to associate while working during the day |
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| The prison system by which prisoners were kept rigorously separated from each other at all times |
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| Economic custom union of German states, founded in 1834 by Prussia. Eliminated internal tariffs. |
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| Idea set forth initially by John Stuart Mill, to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. |
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| Believed in ideal communities, were considered visionary, and often were opposed due to their radical ideas about sexuality and family (ex: St. Simon, Owen, Fourier) |
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| people who rejected both government and industry, were largely disorganized, and had wide views, but overall thought society should be based on mutualism and the peaceful exchange of goods |
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| Marxism the idea that would later permeate the Soviet Union and WWII, that basically called for a complete revolution of the working class into a society in which everything was shared. |
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| What causes change in Marx's theory of historical evolution? |
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| the French socialist who demanded an end to competition but not a wholly new society, instead advocating a state controlled by the working class; he later in 1848 became a radical leader and organized national workshops for poor rlief |
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| Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848. |
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| A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. |
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| Great German Party at the Frankfurt Assembly. "Big Germans". Pushed for a unified Germany in 1848. |
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| Minimal governmental interference in the economic affairs. Adam Smith and Francois Quesnay. |
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| Second Industrial Revolution |
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| 1870-1914 larger scope and scale in manufacturing, with a focus on products such as steelmaking, chemicals, and petroleum |
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| (b. 1809 - d. 1882) British biologist who introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution; argued that specific behaviors evolved because they led to advantages in survival or reproduction. Author of On the Origin of Species by the Means of Natural Selection |
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| (b. 1856 - d 1939) Austrian neurologist who became the founding father of psychoanalysis. Put focus on our unconscious thoughts and desires, as well as the importance of early development. |
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| (b. 1827 - d. 1912) By applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, he promoted the idea of sterile surgery. Successfully introduced carbolic acid to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients. |
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| (b. 1822 - d. 1895) French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. Very important to germ theory. |
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| (b. 1749 - d. 1823) an English physician and scientist , who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine. He is often called "the father of immunology" |
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| Chosen by the Emperor Napoleon III to carry out a massive program of new boulevards, parks and public works in Paris over the course of 20 years, beginning in 1853. |
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| co-wrote Communist Manifesto, worked in father's cotton shop, thus factory-working class experience. Wrote CONDITIONS OF THE WORKING CLASS IN ENGLAND in 1844, helped marx with money and manifesto via his working knowledge |
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| 1819 - Imposed by Metternich. It discouraged liberal teachings in southern Germany. Censorship |
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| (b. 1818 - d. 1883) German socialist who wrote "The Communist Manifesto" which called for complete abolition of property, was based on ideas of Hegel and synthesis of ideas by class conflict, and said that workers were the single driving force of contemporary history |
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| people whose thoughts derived largely from Adam Smith's laissez-faire, believed that the government should allow competition and not regulate as much; they were resented by the working class but embraced by governments |
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| (b. 1766 - d. 1834) the economist who published "Essay on the Principle of Population", which contended that the population will outstrip food supply, and that the only way to stop this is accepting a higher standard of living by producing less children |
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| (b. 1722 - d. 1823) the economist that wrote "Principles of Political Economy" and came up with the idea of the iron law of wages, in which higher wages= more children= lower wages= less children= higher wages |
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| David Ricardo's theory, employers will naturally pay workers no more than what is needed to allow them to survive |
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