Term
| Exclusively breastfed infants <6 consume on average ---milk |
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Definition
| 26 ounces (3 1/2 c) milk/day during the first 6 mo postpartum = 572 kcal/day |
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Term
| Older infants (> 6 mo) consume --milk |
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Definition
| 20 oz (2 1/2 c) milk/day in the second 6 mo postpartum = ~ 440 kcal/day |
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Term
| Appropriate positioning on are important: |
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Definition
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Term
| Poor technique can lead to |
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Definition
sore nipples
milk not removed= engorgement= decrease production
Mastitis
fussy baby |
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Term
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Definition
| diff for baby to latch and suck |
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Term
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Definition
| infection caused by engorg. or plug duct |
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Term
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Definition
| less likely to continue nursing/formula |
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Term
| resources for women w/nursing probs |
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Definition
La lecha legaue- encouragement, info, personal help
certified lactation consultants- health care prof cert. in lactation |
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Term
| amount of milk vs breast size |
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Definition
| not connected-size is determined by fat not functional alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| cant just remove fat, meses w/nerves milk ejection reflex damage |
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Term
| breast implants and nursing |
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Definition
| implants under or above pec muscle no disruption |
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Term
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Definition
come from diet, composition is consistent independent of mom diet
amount of Ca in mom diet does not influence Ca level in milk |
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Term
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Definition
Cause some babies to be wakeful, hyperactive, and fussy
< 5 cups/day considered OK |
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Term
| Alcohol maternal blood enters HBM |
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Definition
Takes 2-3 hours after a drink to have “nonalcoholic” milk
Recommendation - drink alcohol after nursing, not before. |
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Term
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Definition
| Better to smoke and breastfeed than to smoke and not breastfeed. |
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Term
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Definition
| low in bm, given shot at birth |
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Term
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Definition
supps @2m
deficiency leads to rickets |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hired breast fed, making come back |
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Term
| why would some1 not want to buy from breast milk bank |
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Definition
strict guidelines, pasteruized
300-1200$ |
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Term
| American Academy of Pediatrics Recommends |
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Definition
exclusively first 6m
throughout first year and as long as mutually desired |
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Term
BF rates
initiate
continued at 6m
12m |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
46% mom have probelms
baby no satisfied
not enough milk
baby wouldnt nurse
uncomfortable |
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Term
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Definition
| easy and simple, not prepared for challenges and discomfort |
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Term
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Definition
doesn't affect initiation but does duration
after 3m 1/3 w return to work |
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Term
| lactational/postpartum amenorrhea |
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Definition
delay of return of menstration /fertility= natural contraception + iron levels
helps lose weight
protect from breast/ovarian/endometrial cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rise in estrogen and progesterone (promotes dev. and fat), first noticed as breast bud on either side |
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Term
| what inhibits breast dev in males |
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Definition
testosterone.
can get brest bud tho |
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Term
| at end of puberty breasts |
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Definition
| fully mature but inactive state |
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Term
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Definition
fibrous, glandular tissue ratio to fat
more dense in young |
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Term
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Definition
prior to onset of menses
during breast feeding
hormone replacement therapy |
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Term
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Definition
ptosis
easier to detect cancer bc less dense more fat |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal mass of tissue
benign- cells still grow but self contained and wont spread |
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Term
| w 20-50y most common benign breast disorder |
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Definition
| fibrocystic changes- related to menstrual hormone changes. fluid filled cysts w/out sharply defined edges |
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Term
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Definition
benign
hard lumps 1-2in fibrous/glandular tissue
move under skin when touched |
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Term
| metastatic breast cancer rates |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
30% all w cancers
1 in 8 w |
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Term
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Definition
red pitting skin, like an orange
changed areola color
change in breast contours
discharge/bleeding
most common: lump/thickening often painless |
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Term
| inflammatory breast cancer |
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Definition
rare, fast growing, no lump
skin= thick, red, pitted orange, rash |
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Term
| most common type of breast cancer |
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Definition
| ductal, lining of milk duct |
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Term
| noninvaisive (in situ) cancer |
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Definition
| cancer cells hasvent invaded surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| cells spread outside duct or lubule into tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| spread to other body parts: bone(most common), lung, liver, brain |
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Term
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Definition
| must do biopsy: tissue sample |
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Term
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Definition
| lump and area around removed, breast conserved |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| heridary rate of breast cancer |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tumor supresser genes, repair DNA |
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Term
| risk of getting breast cancer |
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Definition
99% not inherited
female
age
high breast density
not having child/bf |
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Term
| breat canc. increases w/lifetime exposure to estrogen |
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Definition
| eary puberty, late menopause, hormone replacement therapy, DES |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs 1-2y sooner than 40 yr ago |
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Term
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Definition
| early thelarche (7y) first sign |
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Term
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Definition
| never tested to provide disease protection |
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Term
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Definition
test menopausal hormones
2 groups
1- hysterectomy- estrogen, placebo
2- estrogen progesterone placebo |
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Term
| w w/ no hysterectomy got estrogen and progesterone |
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Definition
| bc estrogen alone increase uterine cancer |
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Term
| Women who took estrogen alone (prescribed to women who do not have a uterus) compared with women taking a placebo. |
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Definition
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Term
| Women given combination of estrogen and progestin (prescribed to women with a uterus) compared with women taking a placebo |
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Definition
| Concluded – risk was one of harm |
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Term
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Definition
| only be given to women in menopause transition, the smallest amount for the shortest period of time. |
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Term
| Trends since 1950 in age-standardized death rates comparing breast and selected other types of cancer, among women in the USA. |
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Definition
| 1. Early detection 2. Better screening 3. Improved treatments 4. With mass, routine screenings, detecting and treating breast cancers that are not clinically significant (grow slowly (or not at all), shrink or disappear on their own, and do not require treatment) |
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Term
| What are the requirements for a good screening test |
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Definition
Simple, safe, cost-effective
Be able to detect a condition when treatment can affect outcome (reduction in the death rate from the disease)
The rate of false-positives must be low in order to prevent unnecessary procedures and treatments. |
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Term
| Potential Methods of Early Breast Cancer Detection |
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Definition
Self breast examination (BSE)
Clinical breast examination (CBE) – no data
Breast imaging - Mammography |
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Term
| Breast Self Examination – Shanghai Screening Breast Self Examination Study |
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Definition
| Women BSE group had more biopsies, but there was no impact on breast cancer mortality. |
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Term
| Breast cancer rates are increasing, while |
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Definition
| breast cancer mortality rates are declining. |
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Term
| universal mass screening of women in their 40s |
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Definition
| Recommend no routine, individual chooses based on risk |
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Term
| Routine mass screening begin |
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Definition
at age 50 for women at average risk, and that the time between mammograms in women 50 and over be extended to two years instead of one.
Insufficient evidence screening recommendations in those > 75 (y) |
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Term
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Definition
| shortening the amount of time people live with functional decline. |
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Term
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Definition
| illness that is caused by a medication or physician. women have been more medicalized than men |
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Term
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Definition
| Determined as the age at which 50% of those born are still alive. |
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Term
| today, women live-- their lives post menopausal |
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Definition
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Term
| two stages of menopause transition |
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Definition
early (42)- high FSH, cycle regular but short
late (46)- skipped cycles, FSH increased, irradict hormones |
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Term
| late stage is when women experience |
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Definition
| Women often experience hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mental/psychological symptoms during the late menopausal transition. |
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Term
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Definition
most common symptom
begins 2y before FMP
rush of heat 1-5m, sweating vasodilation |
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Term
| suspected cause of hot flashes |
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Definition
| estrogen withdrawl or rapid fluctuation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| decrease in estrogen -- bone loss |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bones that have become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture. |
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Term
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Definition
| remove bone by dissolving the mineral and breaking down the matrix by a process called bone resorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| lay down bone in orderly layers that add strength to bone matrix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thought that estrogen protects osteoblasts by stopping the action of an enzyme that triggers programmed death (apoptosis). |
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Term
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Definition
| a honeycomb-like structure called trabecular bone and an outer dense layer of bone called cortical bone. |
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Term
| thinning of -- bone makes bones weaker |
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Definition
cortical bone
fragility fractures associated w/low impact |
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Term
| the loss of -- bone makes bone mechanically weaker |
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Definition
trabecular
compression fracture |
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Term
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Definition
| any fall from standing height or less that results in a fracture |
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Term
| trabecular bone less causes |
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Definition
| compression fractures: kyphosis, hunched |
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Term
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Definition
T-score is a comparison of a person’s bone density to that of average, young healthy adults of the same sex.
std deviations |
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Term
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Definition
| Z-score is the number of standard deviations above or below what is normally expected for someone your age, sex, weight, and ethnic/racial origin. |
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Term
| Z-score lower than -2 suggests that |
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Definition
| something other than aging is causing abnormal bone loss. |
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Term
| The definition of osteoporosis changed from |
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Definition
| an elderly person with a fracture to anyone with a T-score of -2.5 or more below |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to low BMD, but not low enough to be considered osteoporosis. |
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Term
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Definition
first non hormonal drug to stop progressive bone loss
bisphosphonate |
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Term
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Definition
jaw diesase- osteonecrosis
femoral fractures
taking 5y+ causes more brittle bones |
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Term
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Definition
inhibit osteoclast activity, but do not stimulate the production of new bone (osteoblasts).
Disruption of normal bone remodeling activity may cause over mineralization of bones that makes bones more brittle and prone to spontaneous breaks. |
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Term
| Bisphosphonates (Fosamax) should be used only if |
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Definition
| the risk of fracture within the next ten years is high enough to justify the potential risks. |
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Term
| risk factors for osteoporosis are not in our control |
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Definition
Sex (female)
Age (menopause)
Race (Caucasian)
Family history
Frame size
Certain medications (some antidepressants, chemotherapy, and cortisone) |
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Term
| Many things that can improve bone health and prevent bone loss are in our control: |
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Definition
Diet rich in calcium and vitamin D
Engage in weight-bearing exercise (minimum 150 min/wk)
Healthy lifestyle with no smoking or excessive alcohol intake
Smoking associated with early menopause |
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