Term
| What is the vertebral formula for the dog? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 5 types of vertebra in the vertebral column? |
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Definition
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
caudal |
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Term
| What is the vertebral formula for the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| What comprises the axial skeleton? |
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Definition
| vertebral column, ribs, sternum, skull |
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Term
| What comprises the appendicular skeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| The os penis belongs to which type of skeleton? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the ventral crest? |
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Definition
| attachment of ventral longitudinal ligament |
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Term
| What is the function of the dorsal surface? |
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Definition
| attachment of dorsal longitudinal ligament |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- dorsal part of arch
- contains the spinous process |
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Term
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Definition
- lateral part of arch
- contain the articular processes (4)
- form the cranial and caudal vertebral notch |
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Term
| What are the cranial and caudal vertebral notches for? |
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Definition
| when 2 adjacent vertebrae articulated, these form the intervertebral foramina |
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Term
| What do the intervertebral foramina do? |
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Definition
| allow for passage of spinal nerves and vessels |
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Term
| What are the transverse processes (2) ? |
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Definition
- project laterally from 2 roots (1 from arch and 1 from body)
- contain the transverse foramina |
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Term
What does the transverse foramen do?
What is it formed by?
In which vertebrae is it seen? |
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Definition
- accomodates passage of vertebral vessels and nerve
- formed between 2 roots of transverse process
- present only on cervical vertebrae (except C7!) |
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Term
| How is the vertebral canal formed? |
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Definition
| formed when the vertebrae are articulated, all the vertebral foramena together form the vertebral canal |
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Term
| What is the atlas? Describe it. |
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Definition
| C1, reduced body and no spinous process |
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Term
| What is the function of the cranial articular fovea of the atlas? |
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Definition
| receive that occipital condyles |
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Term
| What is the function of the lateral vertebral foramen? |
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Definition
| accomodates passage of vertebral vessels and first cervical nerve |
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Term
| What is the function of the ventral tubercle of atlas? |
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Definition
| insertion of longus colli tendon |
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Term
| What is the fovea dentis (fovea of the dens)? |
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Definition
| articular surface for the dens of the axis |
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Term
| What is the dens? Which vertebra is it located on? |
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Definition
- located on the Axis
- articulates with the fovea dentis on the Atlas
- flanked by cranial articular processes (2) |
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Term
| Describe the spinous process of the axis. |
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Definition
| very large, contains 2 caudal articular processes |
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Term
| What is the caudal costal fovea of C7? |
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Definition
| unique to this cervical vertebrae, place for the first rib to attach |
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Term
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Definition
- has no transverse foramena, unlike other cervical vertebrae
- has a caudal costal fovea for attachment of the first rib |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the cranial and caudal costal fovea of the thoracic vertebrae? |
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Definition
| when articulated with adjacent vertebrae and intervertebral discs, form sockets for the heads of ribs |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae? |
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Definition
| each has a facet for articulation with the tubercle of the corresponding rib |
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Term
| What is special about T11? |
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Definition
anticlinal vertebrae in dogs and cats - spinous process is vertical compared with the inclined processes of vertebrae cranial to it
In horses, the anticlinal vertebra is T16 |
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Term
| What constitutes the bony thorax? |
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Definition
| thoracic vertebrae + ribs (L and R) + sternabrae |
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Term
| How many pairs of ribs in a dog? In a horse? |
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Definition
Dog - 13 pairs of ribs
Horse - 18 pairs of ribs
* both correspond to the number of thoracic vertebrae |
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Term
| How many vertebrae does each rib articulate with? |
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Definition
TWO!
- a cranial vertebra and a caudal vertebra
- ribs are numbered according to the caudal vertebra with which they articulate |
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Term
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Definition
| The rib number corresponds with the caudal vertebra with which it articulates (the vertebra the tubercle of the rib attaches to) |
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Term
What are "true" ribs?
How many are there in the dog? In the horse? |
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Definition
- aka sternal ribs
- these are ribs which have cartilage that articulates with the sternum
Dog/cat - 9 pairs
Horse - 8 pairs |
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Term
What are "false" ribs?
How many are there in the dog? In the horse? |
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Definition
- aka asternal ribs
- ribs which have cartilage that does NOT articulate with the sternum. They still have cartilage!
Dog/cat - 4 pairs
Horse - 10 pairs |
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Term
What is a "floating rib"?
How many in the dog? In the horse? |
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Definition
- a rib whose cartilage does NOT attach to adjacent cartilage (T10-12 have cartilage that attaches to one another)
- they are a type of false (asternal) rib
Dog/cat - ONE pair
Horse - maybe 1 pair |
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Term
| What does the head of a rib articulate with? |
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Definition
- with TWO vertebra, one cranial and one caudal
- articulates with the cranial/caudal costal fovea of these vertebrae |
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Term
| What does the tubercle of a rib articulate with? |
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Definition
| - the transverse process of the caudal vertebrae with which it is articulated |
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Term
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Definition
| The first sternal bone (sternebra). It articulates with the cartilage from rib#1 |
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Term
| What is the xyphoid process? |
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Definition
| The last (8th) sternebra. |
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Term
| What direction do the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae project? |
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Definition
| cranioventrally! - this will help to identify them |
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Term
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Definition
- Three sacral vertebrae fused to form the sacrum in the adult.
- Have dorsal and pelvic sacral foramina (equivalent to the intervertebral foramina seen in rest of vertebral column)
- Has wings on the base (face cranially) |
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Term
| What are the wings of the base of the sacrum for? |
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Definition
| They articulate with the ileum |
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Term
| Does a dog have a clavicle? |
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Definition
| NO! Cats have clavicles, dogs and horses may have a clavicular remnant. |
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Term
| What is a difference in the scapula of a dog and a horse? |
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Definition
| A dog scapula has a spine with an acromion. A horse has a tuber spinae and NO acromion. |
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Term
| What is special about a cat scapula? |
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Definition
| Their acromion has two parts: suprahamate and hamate. |
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Term
| What are the two 'surfaces' on the medial portion of a scapula? |
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Definition
- serrated face
- subscapular fossa |
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Term
| What is the function of the glenoid tubercle of the scapula? |
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Definition
- "socket" portion of the ball-and-socket shoulder joint
- articulates with humerus |
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Term
| What are the three "angles" of the scapula/ |
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Definition
| cranial, caudal, and ventral |
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Term
| What are the three "borders" of the scapula? |
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Definition
| dorsal, cranial, and caudal |
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Term
| On the right limb of a dog, the fossa most caudal on the scapula is the.. |
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Definition
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Term
| On the left limb of a dog, the fossa most cranial on the scapula is the... |
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Definition
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Term
| The groove in between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus is called... |
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Definition
| the intertubercular sulcus |
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Term
| What is the intermediate tubercle? |
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Definition
| - Present only in the horse! Projects cranially (on opposite side of the head of the humerus). |
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Term
| On which species would you find the supracondylar foramen? |
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Definition
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Term
| The foramen on the distal extremity of the humerus of a dog is called the... |
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Definition
supratrochlear foramen
(on a cat this would be the supracondylar foramen) |
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Term
| In general, the origin of a muscle is the more ____________ point of muscle attachment. |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, the insertion of a muscle is the more ____________ point of muscle attachment. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ligament connects ______ to _______. |
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Definition
| a ligament connects bone to bone |
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Term
| A tendon connects _____ to ______. |
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Definition
| tendon connects muscle to bone |
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Term
| In general, what is an aponeurosis? |
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Definition
| A flat, sheetlike tendinous attachment of muscle. |
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Term
| Where do the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb originate and insert? |
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Definition
- Originate on the neck or thorax
- insert on the shoulder or brachium |
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Term
| the origin and insertion of the superficial pectoral muscles are: |
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Definition
origin = ..
insertion = crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus |
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