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Definition
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| plants grow continuously because they have |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
populations of undifferentiated
cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis
and produce new cells |
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Term
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Definition
located at the tip of each
root and shoot
– extend the plant body outward in the process of
primary growth |
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Term
apical meristems in root and shoot give rise to three
distinct populations of cells: |
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Definition
– protoderm
– ground meristem
– procambium |
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Definition
| a group of cells that functions as a unit |
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Definition
protoderm
• ground meristem
• procambium |
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Term
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Definition
– dermal tissue system (the epidermis): single layer of cells
that covers the plant body and protects it |
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Term
| ground meristem gives rise to: |
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Definition
– ground tissue system: makes up the bulk of the plant body;
is responsible for photosynthesis and storage |
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| • procambium gives rise to: |
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Definition
| – vascular tissue system: provides support and transports water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products between the root and shoot systems |
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| • root apical meristem protected by |
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Definition
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| three distinct populations of cells behind the root cap: |
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Definition
– zone of cellular division
– zone of cellular elongation
– zone of cellular maturation |
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Definition
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| • zone of cellular division: (4) |
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Definition
– apical meristem, where cells are actively dividing
– protoderm
– ground meristem
– procambium |
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Term
| • zone of cellular elongation: (2) |
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Definition
– cells that are recently derived from the primary
meristematic tissues
– cells are actively increasing in length |
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Term
| • zone of cellular maturation:(2) |
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Definition
– older cells complete their differentiation into dermal,
vascular, and ground tissues
– epidermal cells produce outgrowths called root hairs:
large surface area allows |
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Term
Roots Extend into the Soil via Growth of
Apical Meristems and Cell Elongation(PPT) |
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Definition
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Term
How is the primary shoot system
organized? |
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Definition
• Behind each shoot apical meristem, the primary
meristematic cells give rise to dermal, ground, and
vascular tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of vasscular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| ground tissue inside the vascular bundle |
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Term
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Definition
ground tissue outside the vascular
bundles |
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Term
| cell wall ???????? the cell and defines its ??????? |
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Definition
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Term
| • plant cells contain organelles not found in animals: |
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Definition
| chloroplasts and vacuoles |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| contain cell sap and store wastes, water, and nutrients |
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Term
| • cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells is connected via |
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Definition
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Definition
consist of cytoplasm and
segments of smooth ER that run through tiny,
membrane-lined gaps in the cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
• interface between the individual and the external env.
• protects the plant body
• epidermal cells secrete the cuticle: a waxy layer that
covers the shoot system, protecting the leaves and
reducing water loss
• epidermis forms the first line of defense against
pathogens |
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Term
| Stoma must have ?????? and ?????? |
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Definition
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Definition
– most photosynthesis
– most carbohydrate storage
- producing and storing valuable molecules |
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Term
| The Ground Tissue System are made up of: (3) |
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Definition
parenchyma,
collenchyma, and sclerenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
have relatively thin primary
cell walls and are the most abundant and versatile
plant cells
– primary site of photosynthesis in leaves
– store starch in roots
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Definition
meaning that they
can divide and develop into a complete mature plant.
(why gardeners can clone plants using cuttings) |
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Term
| In leavesParenchyma cells function in |
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Definition
| photsynthesis and gas exchange |
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Term
| In Roots Parenchyma cells function in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
function mainly in support
– primary cell walls that vary in thickness
– Even when mature they can continue to lengthen as
they provide structural support to the growing regions
of shoots.
• particularly abundant in elongating stems and in
the petioles of leaves |
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Term
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Definition
specialized support cells that produce a
thick secondary cell wall in addition to the thin primary cell wall.
• secondary cell wall: contains lignin, making it unable to expand.
• This characteristic specializes sclerenchyma cells for supporting
stems and other structures after active growth has finished.
• Ground tissue typically contains two types of sclerenchyma cells: extremely elongated fibers for support, and relatively short sclereids for protection. |
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Term
| fibers purpose in sclerenchyma are for: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| The Vascular Tissue System function: |
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Definition
support and long-distance transport of
water and dissolved nutrients
Made up of xylem and phloem |
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Term
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Definition
conducts water and dissolved ions from the root
system to the shoot system |
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Term
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Definition
conducts sugar, amino acids, chemical signals,
and other substances throughout the plant body |
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Term
| • in all vascular plants: xylem contains water-conducting cells called |
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Definition
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Term
in angiosperms and a few other species:
– xylem contains |
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Definition
both tracheids and conducting
cells called vessel elements |
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Term
| tracheids: morphology & use |
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Definition
long, slender cells with tapered ends
– sides & ends of tracheids have pits where only primary cell wall
present
– water moving through tracheids moves from cell to cell through
the pits |
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Term
| • vessel elements:morphology and info |
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Definition
shorter and wider than tracheids
– both pits and perforations, openings that lack both primary and
secondary cells walls
– conduct water more efficiently than tracheids because their
width and perforations offer less resistance to flow |
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Term
| In angiosperms, tracheids and vessel elements are found |
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Definition
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Term
phloem contains two types of specialized
parenchyma cells: |
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Definition
1. sieve-tube members:
2.companion cells: |
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Term
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Definition
long, thin cells that lack
nuclei, chloroplasts, and most other major
organelles
– sieve plates: perforated ends responsible for transporting sugars
and other nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
not conducting cells, but
provide materials to maintain the cytoplasm and
plasma membrane of sieve-tube members |
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Term
| Secondary Growth increases: |
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Definition
| the width of roots and shoots |
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Term
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Definition
specific fxns: increase the amount of conducting tissue
available; provide the structural support required for
extensive primary growth
• occurs in species that have lateral meristems as well as
apical meristems
• lateral meristems (aka: secondary meristems/
cambium): thin layers of meristematic cells that form
cylinders running the length of a root or stem |
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Term
lateral meristems (aka: secondary meristems/
cambium): |
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Definition
thin layers of meristematic cells that form
cylinders running the length of a root or stem
Two Types
cork cambium and
vascular cambium |
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Term
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Definition
forms between the secondary growth of vascular tissues, inside the stem
– generates new layers of cells to both the inside and
outside |
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Term
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Definition
located near the perimeter of the
stem
– produces new cells primarily to the outside |
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Term
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Definition
| Phelloderm, cork cambrium, and cork |
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Term
| What does vascular cambium produce? |
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Definition
• BOTH phloem and xylem
• new cells produced to the outside of the meristem
differentiate into secondary phloem
• new cells produced to the inside differentiate into
secondary xylem
• secondary xylem contributes to wood |
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Term
| What does cork cambium produce? |
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Definition
• cork cells to the outside
• a smaller layer of cells called the phelloderm to
the inside
• cork cambium + cork cells + phelloderm =
periderm
• periderm: protects the woody stem as it increases in girth
– part of the bark |
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Term
| The Structure of a Tree Trunk |
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Definition
• rapid growth periods: secondary xylem
cells are large and thin-walled
• dormant periods: secondary xylem cells
are small and thick-walled
• variation in cell size results in annual
growth rings |
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Term
| • The vascular plant body consists of: |
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Definition
1. a root system that anchors the individual and absorbs
water and key ions
2. a shoot system that absorbs carbon dioxide and
sunlight |
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Term
| Both root and shoot systems are |
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Definition
dynamic; they grow and
change throughout the life of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
• occurs when cells located at the tips of each root and
shoot divide
• extends the body
• gives rise to three primary tissue systems
• specialized for protection, food production and storage, and
transport |
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Term
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Definition
• some species
• makes roots and shoots widen throughout life
• cells near the perimeter of a root or shoot divide
• adds transport tissue
• provides additional structural support |
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