Term
What artery runs with:
- Radial nerve in arm
- Medial nerve in arm
- Radial nerve in forearm |
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Definition
- Deep brachial A b/f spiral groove; Radial colateral after spiral groove (branch of deep brachial)
- Brachial A
- Radial A (branch of brachial A after cubital fossa) |
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Term
Name arteries damaged in each injury:
- midshaft of humerus (spiral groove)
- suprachondylar |
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Definition
- Deep brachial artery (& radial nerve)
- Brachial artery |
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Term
Fatty streaks (e.g. in aorta):
- What are they the precursor of?
- When do they start to develop?
- What do they consist of? |
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Definition
- Earliest lesion of atherosclerosis (although, THEY DO NOT PREDICT LOCATION OF FUTURE ATHEROMATOUS PLAQUES)
- All people >10 have them
- Foamy Mø
(EDIT: Robbins says that CORONARY fatty streaks predict the place of future atherosclerotic plaques, but says nothing about the aortic FS except they "may be precursors") |
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Term
| Presbyopia can cause what changes to near & far vision? |
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Definition
- Loss of accommodation b.c. of lens sclerosis & decreased elasticity
- possible improvement of far vision |
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Term
| What medical care can minors get w/out parental consent? |
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Definition
pregnancy
STDs
birth control
drug or alcohol addiction |
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Term
Most likely cause of fatigue & new-onset cardiac murmur in a young adult?
What could possible cause glomerulonephritis in this disease? |
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Definition
- Bacterial endocarditis
- Acute, diffuse, proliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to circulating IMMUNE COMPLEXES |
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Term
| Which brachial pouch does the thymus come from? |
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Definition
| - #3 (same as inferior parathyroids) |
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Term
| where do you insert a needle when doing a thoracocentesis (upper or lower rib boarder)? |
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Definition
upper rib boarder
(NOTE: may injure liver when doing it @ the midaxillary line (liver spans from the 8th-11th rib & it's recommended to insert the needle above the 9th rib))
(NOTEx2: insert above 7th rib for midclavicular thoracocentesis; remember the lung base is @ 6-8-10, while the pleura is @ 8-10-12) |
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Term
- Mutation in Huntington disease?
- Molecular effect? |
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Definition
- CAG expansion of gene "huntingtin"
- GOF --> hypermethylation of histones --> transcriptional repression
(ASIDE: Robbins has something about transcriptional dysregulation by binding Sp1 & CBP --> down regulation of PGC-1a --> decreased protection against oxidative injury. Robbins says nothing about methylation) |
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Term
| difference between hibernating myocardium & myocardial stunning |
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Definition
In both conditions: hypokinesia of myocardium is observed; pathogenesis may be due to: TNF-alpha & NOS (inhibitors of contraction), defects in calcium cycling/excitation-contraction coupling, decreased beta-adrenergic receptor density
- HM: chronic condition caused by constant low-flow conditions or repeated stunning
- MS: brief ischemic periods (<30 min) followed by reperfusion --> recovery in hours to days |
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Term
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Definition
Measure if respiratory compensation is adequate:
PCO2 = (1.5xHCO3-) + 8 (+/-) 2
if lower than this: respiratory acidosis (e.g. salicylate intoxication, endotoxic shock)
If higher than this: respiratory depression (e.g. barbiturates, alcohol) |
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Term
| How long does it take from the time TB is inhaled till the time a T-cell response is mediated (Th1) |
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Definition
| 2-4 weeks: don't get granuloma |
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Term
| bacteria that can take up free DNA (i.e. "competent") |
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Definition
S.pneumoniae
H.influenza
N.meningitidis |
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Term
Name enzyme deficient in each problem w/ galactose:
- Newborn that has severe vomiting, lethargy, & failure to thrive soon after first feeding. Liver failure, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, aminoaciduria
- Galactose in urine & cataracts, no other symptoms |
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Definition
- Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) deficiency
- Galactokinase
(NOTE: aldose reductase causes the cataracts in galactokinase deficiency: same enzyme that causes cataracts in diabetics) |
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Term
| congenital cataracts, deafness, PDA/pulmonic stenosis, & microcephaly |
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Definition
| congenital rubella (prevent w/ MMR vaccine: live, attenuated) |
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Term
| This nucleic acid supplementation can decrease the effects of folate deficiency on hematopoietic cell apoptosis |
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Definition
| dTMP (Thymidine): folate is responsible for dUMP --> dTMP conversion |
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Term
- dose-limiting SE of vincristine
- Bleomycin weird, unique SE
- Doxorubicin/daunorubucin
- Cyclophosphamide |
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Definition
- peripheral neuropathy (neurotoxicity): (this is from failure of microtubule polymerization in neuronal axons)
- Pulmonary fibrosis & flagellate skin discolorations
- CHF
- Hemorrhagic cystitis |
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Term
Sx of serotonin syndrome:
- Neuromuscular
- Autonomic stimulation
- Mental status
WHAT'S THE TREATMENT?? |
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Definition
- NM: hyperreflexia, myoclonus, rigidity
- ANS: hyperthermia, tachycardia, diaphoresis, tremor
- Mental: agitation & confusion
Tx w/ cyproheptadine (antihistamine w/ anti-serotonergic properties) |
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Term
| thyroid dysfunction, corneal microdeposits, blue-gray skin discolorations, drug-related hepatitis, pulmonary fibrosis |
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Definition
| AMIODARONE side effects! (notice thyroid, b.c. iodine, & pulmonary fibrosis (also a SE of bleomycin)) |
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Term
| what causes the damage in acute pancreatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tx for organophosphate/sarin overdose? |
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Definition
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Term
| familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by? |
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Definition
| LDL receptor mutation --> hepatocytes under-express LDL receptors --> accelerated atherosclerosis & early-onset coronary artery disease |
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Term
| what is prostacycline? what does it do? |
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Definition
- PGI2 (synthesized in endothelium from PGH2)
- Potent vasodilator, prevents platelet aggregation & adhesion to vascular endothelium
PGI2 & TXA2 are in dynamic balance
PGI2 is used in treatment of pulmonary HTN, PAD, & raynaud syndrome |
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Term
| what causes congenital pyloric stenosis (what is causing the blockage?) |
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Definition
| hypertrophied pyloric muscularis mucosa (can palpate an "olive" in the right-upper abdomen) |
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Term
| Does insulin activate PKA or protein phosphatase 1 |
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Definition
protein phosphatase 1 (via TK):
- dephosphorylates glycogen synthase --> activates it --> glycogen synthesis
- dephosphorylates fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase --> inactivates it --> inhibition of gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| a ASD in the lower intratrial septum is what type of ASD? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the cardiac pathology for each disorder:
1) Downs syndrome
2) DiGeorge syndrome
3) Friedrich's ataxia
4) Marfan's
5) Tuberous sclerosis
6) Turner's |
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Definition
1) Endocardial cushion defects (ostium primium ASD, regurgitant AV valves)
2) Tetralogy of Fallot & aortic arch abnormalities
3) HOCM
4) Cystic Medial Necrosis of Aorta
5) Valvular Obstruction from Cardiac Rhabdomyomas
6) Coarctation of Aorta |
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