Term
|
Definition
Th2 differentiation
IgE class switching |
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Term
|
Definition
IgA class switching
Eosinophil proliferation |
|
|
Term
function of bisphosphoglycerate mutase?
when is this path upregulated?
what is its effect on energy production through glycolysis? |
|
Definition
diverts normal glycolysis from 1,3-BPG --> 3-phosphoglycerate to 1,3-BPG --> 2,3-BPG
this occurs in RBCs, is increased in hypoxia and chronic anemia, & enhances O2 delivery
it also makes glycolysis produce zero net ATP |
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Term
| difference between reliability & accuracy |
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Definition
accuracy: ability of test to measure what it's supposed to (i.e. compared against "gold standard"; The average is close to the real average)
reliability: how close together are measurements of equivalent samples (i.e. the variance is small) |
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|
Term
MOA of hydroxyurea?
what is a gardos channel blocker? |
|
Definition
- Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase: increases HbF production --> inhibit HbS sickling
- blocks K+/H2O channel --> prevents RBC dehydration --> prevents HbS sickling |
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Term
| MOA of streptokinase, urokinase, & tPA |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why are patients initially treated w/ heparin & warfarin before starting warfarin monotherapy? |
|
Definition
| because warfarin first decreases factors C & S --> transient procoagulant state |
|
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Term
| cause of coronary sinus dilation |
|
Definition
| anything that elevates right atrial pressure: e.g. pulmonary HTN (most common), tricuspid stenosis, etc |
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|
Term
normal:
- tracheal O2
- alveolar O2
- Venous O2
- Venous CO2
- Arterial O2
- Arterial CO2 |
|
Definition
- tracheal O2: 150mmHg
- alveolar O2: 104
- Venous O2: 40
- Venous CO2: 46
- Arterial O2: 104
- Arterial CO2: 40 |
|
|
Term
where do you need to inject into the butt not to hit a nerve?
where do you hit the sciatic?
where do you his the superior gluteal? |
|
Definition
superolateral quadrant
- inferomedial
- superomedial |
|
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Term
| get hit in head, person becomes disorganized, disinhibited, & unmotivated (apathetic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prophylaxis for H.flu & N.meningitidis in people who have been exposed |
|
Definition
| Rifampin (eliminates carrier state) |
|
|
Term
| virus causing acute hemorrhagic cystitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
acute onset of dypnea & calf swelling in a smoker who sits a lot?
what would the arterial blood gasses look like? |
|
Definition
pulmonary embolism
PaO2 will be down (A-a will be increased); PaCO2 will be low (hyperventilation); HCO3- will be normal (acute event)
A-a is a shitty marker for PE; D-dimer & low PCO2 is best-> PMID: 11112122 |
|
|
Term
| why does alcohol cause hypoglycemia |
|
Definition
both steps in EtOH metabolism produce an NADH;
NADH promotes pyruvate --> lactate & oxaloacetate --> malate: inhibition of gluconeogenesis (pyruvate & OX are intermediates in gluconeogenesis) |
|
|
Term
| needed for the synthesis of tyrosine, dopa, & serotonin |
|
Definition
BH4 (tetrahydrobiopterin): needed for initial phosphorylation steps.
a deficiency of tetrahydrobiopterin is a rare cause of phenylketonuria
NOTE: interestingly, both serotonin & DA production uses the same enzyme to remove the carboxyl group (not BH4-dependent) |
|
|
Term
Mutations in:
- HbS
- HbC
how do they migrate on gel? |
|
Definition
-HbS: Valine replaces glutamate
-HbC: lysine replaces glutamate
lysine is positively charged, while valine is neutral. Hemoglobin as a whole moves towards the (+) node, therefore HbA moves furthes, HbS second, & HbC moves the least (most positive) |
|
|
Term
Hepatitis B vaccine
VZV vaccine |
|
Definition
purified HBsAg
live-attenuated |
|
|
Term
| HCV or HBV more likely to be transmitted sexually? |
|
Definition
| HBV (HCV is usually related to IV drug use) |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways people can get botulism: |
|
Definition
1) consumption of preformed toxin (homed canned goods; adults)
2) wound colonization --> toxin production gets directly into bloodstream
3) spores in honey --> germinate in intestine --> produce toxin (infants |
|
|
Term
| 3 D's of botulism; when do they manifest after ingesting toxin? |
|
Definition
diploplia, dysphagia, dysphonea
12-46 hrs after neurotoxin consumption |
|
|
Term
name traditional high-potency antipsychotics?
name traditional low potency antipsychotics |
|
Definition
- Haloperidol, fluphenizine, pimozide
- chlorpromazine, thioridazine
(note: atypicals = clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine) |
|
|
Term
| hyper or hypokalemia can predispose to DIG toxicity? |
|
Definition
| hypokalemia (they compete for the same binding site on Na/K ATPase) |
|
|
Term
| fatigue, blurry vision, changes in color perception, N/V, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, dizziness, confusion, delirium, bradycardia --> escape rhythms --> ventricular fibrillation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fever, pharyngitis, & lymphadenopathy in a young person?
what would you see in the peripheral smear?
what 2 cancers are they at risk for? |
|
Definition
infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
"atypical lymphocyte": abundant cytoplasm w/ bizzare nuclei (e.g. multiple nucleoli)
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma & Burkitt's lymphoma |
|
|
Term
- endogenous pyrogens? (3)
-- how do they increase body temperature?
- how do you treat hyperpyrexia? |
|
Definition
- IL1, IL6, TNF: they induce PLA2 to increase AA --> PGE2 synthesis --> reset thermoregulatory setpoint in anterior hypothalamus
- treat w/ cooling measures (blankets, ice, etc) & NSAIDS (decrease PGE2 in brain --> return setpoint to normal) |
|
|
Term
| 3 genetic causes of downs syndrome |
|
Definition
- trisomy 21 (95%)
- robertsonian translocation
- mosaicism (two cell lines, one normal & one w/ trisomy 21) |
|
|
Term
| what causes mycobacteria to be acid fast? |
|
Definition
mycolic acids
(note: isoniazid disrupts mycolic acid production --> lost acid fastness) |
|
|
Term
| which cells are found deeper in gastric glands: cheif cells or parietal cells? |
|
Definition
Cheif cells (in bottom of glands)
pareital cells (secrete HCl & intrinsic factor) are just above them in the upper glandular layer (but not superficial lamina propria: see question 38 for a picture)
NOTE: mucus cells are found in the neck region of the glands |
|
|
Term
manifestations seen in IBD (crohn's & UC):
- Skin
- hepatobiliary |
|
Definition
- pyoderma gangrenosum & erythema nodosum
- primary sclerosing cholangitis; cholangiocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| why do you get kidney stones w/ IBD (esp crohn's) |
|
Definition
| terminal ileum doesn't return bile acids --> fat malabsorption --> calcium binds lipids instead of oxalate --> excess oxalate absorbed from diet --> precipitation in kidney |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you give folate to someone who is B12 deficient? |
|
Definition
| they get worsening neurologic symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
note position of each type of cell:
Chief cells lowest
Parietal cells above them
Mucus cells in neck region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Note that the decarboxylase is same for each synthesis pathway |
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