Term
atrophic (i.e. thin) skin with hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation or both. Skin becomes red & scaly with minimal sun exposure.
Diagnosis?
What is the etiology? |
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Definition
XP
problem in DNA excision repair
NOTE: problems with MISMATCH repair are seen in HNPCC (i.e. Lynch syndrome) |
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Term
| given a 4x4 table. How do you calculate NNT? |
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Definition
difference between the event rates of control & treatment group (which is called absolute risk reduction, ARR) --> 1/ARR
so, for standard abcd table: a/(a+b) - c/(c+d) = ARR |
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Term
C.neoformans:
1) primary site of infection?
2) most common clinical manifestation?
3) morphology & diagnosis? |
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Definition
1) lungs (usually asymptomatic, but can cause pneumonia)
2) Meningitis: primary in lungs --> invades & causes meningitis in immunocompromised (HIV, sarcoid, leukemias)
3) Encapsulated yeast w/ narrow buds; mucuramine or india ink stain |
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Term
| what gives leukovorin the ability to bypass the action of methotrexat? |
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Definition
| it is in the 5-formyl form of THF --> enters directly at the 5,10 methylene THF --> used by thymidylate synthase |
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Term
person has an inferior wall MI and has very low HR --> given a drug to increase heart rate --> eye pain
what was the drug? what is the etiology of the eye pain? |
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Definition
Atropine
Glaucoma
NOTE: the low HR was due to SA or AV node destruction from the MI |
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Term
| CRH, ACTH & Cortisol levels when taking exogenous corticosteroids? |
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Definition
All are decreased
The entire hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is suppressed w/ exogenous steroid use. It may take weeks after secession before the axis is restored.
In addition, if someone undergoes surgery/gets sick, they will have evidence of adrenal insufficiency --> very low BP |
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Term
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Definition
Apocrine = sweat glands that smell (get colonized by bacteria); they empty into hair follicle area; THIS TERM IS A MISNOMER FOR THE ACTUAL GLAND, WHICH IS MEROCRINE SECRETION!!!!!
Eccrine (Merocrine) = no smell; NOT MEROCRINE SECRETION
this all very stupid, confusing terminology |
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Term
| which sweat gland gets colonized by bacteria & gives distinct smell? |
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Definition
Apocrine.
This gland is actually merocrine secretion. The glands termed "merocrine" are also called "eccrine" |
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Term
| Nalbuphine & Pentazocin MOA |
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Definition
weak mu antagonist; full kappa agonist. Will cause withdrawal in patient who is dependent on opiates.
Butorphanol is a mu partial agonist & will also precipitate withdrawal in pts on full agonists (e.g. morphine)
Also remember tramadol: weak opioid agonist & SNRI that lowers seizure threshold |
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Term
| malabsorption, arthritis, & CNS involvement |
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Definition
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Term
middle aged caucasian female with a long standing history of pruritis and fatigue develops pale stools & xanthelasma. ANA & anti-mitochondrial antibodies are present
35 y.o. WM w/ long Hx of UC who presents w/ fatigue & elevated alk phos. p-ANCE & Anti smooth muscle antibodies are present |
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Definition
Primary biliary cirrhosis: lymphocyte infiltrate w/ granulomatous destruction of intraheptatic bile ducts
Primary sclerosing cholangitis: risk for developing into cholangiocarcinoma |
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Term
| what step in epinephrine synthesis is cortisol dependent? |
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Definition
Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)
this is the step that takes NE --> Epi |
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Term
| lung whiteout. trachea deviated towards affected side. decreased breath sounds. |
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Definition
| mainstem bronchus obtruction causing atelectasis & whiteout |
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Term
| Defect in Crigler Najjar? |
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Definition
| defective conjugation (type 1 presents ~1month or earlier) |
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Term
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Definition
used to characterize G(-) bacteria.
most extracellular component of LPS |
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Term
| What do E.coli used to attach to uroepithelial cells (important for pathogenesis of UTI) |
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Definition
| P-fimbriae (basically same thing as pilus, terms can be used interchangeably) |
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Term
| Common viral cause of airway obstruction in kids? Treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Zafirlukast/montelukast & Zileuton: which one blocks receptors? which one inhibits lipoxygenase pathway? |
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Definition
Zafirlukast/montelukast --> LKD4 receptor antagonists
Zileuton --> inhibit LK production |
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Term
| sudden onset of rapid, regular heart rate |
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Definition
paroxysmal suprventricular tachycardia. Caused by re-entrant rhythms through AV node
treat w/ carotid massage (increase refractory period) or adenosine |
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Term
| inferiomedial temporal meningitis |
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Definition
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Term
| intensely eosinophilic bodies in heptatitis |
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Definition
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Term
Where in the cochlea are low frequency sounds heard?
Where is the stapes attached? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| aldosterone antagonist w/ minimal anti androgenic properties |
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Term
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Definition
| cell cycle inhibitor. prevents G1-->S transition by inhibiting CDKs |
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Term
| Rb is inactivated in hyper or hypophosphorylated state |
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Definition
| Hyperphosphorylated (remember CDKs phosphorylate Rb in order to progress through cell cycle) |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcum Pyrophosphate (NOT hydroxyapetite) |
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Term
| this congenital heart defect is present in up to 30% of the population |
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Definition
ASD (secundum type)
In most people it remains functionally closed because the LA pressure is higher than the RA pressure, however the valve never physically sealed. |
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Term
| Sensoneural hearing deafness & Long QT |
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Definition
| Jervell & Lange-Nielsen syndrome: congenital long-QT syndromes |
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