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| Methamphetamine is produced from the main ingredient in cold medicines, known as |
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| All abused substances exert their effects by mimicking, or modulating the effects of |
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| One of the worst abused substances in modern society is derived from opium and is known as |
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| The active ingredient in heroine is |
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| Indicated by cave paintings dating to 879 B.C., humans have been using __________ for many centuries. |
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| Robert Heath discovered the pleasure center of the brain to be located in a group of neurons known as the |
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| Hans Kusterlitz discovered a natural brain chemical that has the same biological function as morphine, known as __________. |
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| Morphine from heroine and endorphin both bind to the same type of neural __________. |
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| Stimulation of the pleasure center of the brain results in the release of a particular neurotransmitter known as __________. |
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| The most well known function of dopamine is its production of the pleasure that is associated with fulfillment of hunger and __________. |
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| The part of the brain associated with the emotional fulfillment sensation caused by dopamine is the __________. |
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| Drugs like methamphetamine cause neurons of the VTA to release dopamine at very __________ levels. |
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| Cocaine results in an increase in dopamine levels in the synapses by binding to, and thus blocking the action of, dopamine __________. |
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| Both cocaine and methamphetamine increase dopamine levels, resulting in a sense of __________. |
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| When a person falls in love, the brain experiences an __________in dopamine levels. |
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| Norepinephrine or noradrenalin |
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Definition
| The sweaty palms and flushed cheeks that accompany falling in love ultimately result from the neurotransmitter known as __________. |
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| Phenylethylamine is a neurotransmitter involved in love and is also found in __________. |
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| Limbic system or midbrain |
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Definition
| The neurological process of falling in love occurs in the part of the brain known as the __________. |
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| Long-term relationships are maintained by the production of a neurotransmitter known as __________. |
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| Parkinson’s Disease results from decreased dopamine production by neurons of the __________. |
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| Dopamine also plays a role in a serious mental disorder characterized by personality changes, hallucinations and psychotic behaviors, known as __________. |
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| The pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia is, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors, known as __________. |
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| The pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia is, a drug that blocks dopamine receptors, known as __________. |
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| Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is caused in part by a marked __________ in dopamine levels in the brain. |
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| Attention deficit hyperactive disorder or ADHD |
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Definition
| A developmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, forgetfulness, mood shifts, poor impulse control and distractibility is known as __________. |
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| Our agression, feelings of insecurity, resentment and other personality traits are tied to ________ thoughs. |
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| where a person becomes excited, dopamine and norephinephrine are release into the synaptic clefts, and ___ is secreted into the same area to counter the actions of the 2 neurotransmitters |
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| If a person's brain produces ___ amounts of serotonin, the neuronal excitation cannot be controlled |
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| Serotonin reuptake transporters |
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Definition
| Prozac or fluoxetine works by blocking the ________ |
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| Patients who suffer clinical depression have a shortage of _____ in their synaptic clefts |
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| if you block the uptake of serotonin, the concentration of serotonin in the synapse will _______ |
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| The illegal drug ______ was amde famous in the 1960's and it causes hallucinations by mimiking the actions of serotonin |
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| the ____ cotex contains a map of the entire body and after a perdson has undergone amputation of a limb, the region that represents that limb no longer recieves any information. |
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| the insecticide blocks the enzyme acetylcholinesterase whick leads to the hyperactivity of the _____ neurons |
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| During an emotional event, the hypothalamus nuerons will release ____ which will in turn initiate the flight or fight response |
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| in the condition knows as ____, seizures of any type will repeatedly occur unprovoked |
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| ____ lobe seizures can elicit religious or mystical experiences. |
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| chimps live in fmaily groups with male-kin societies where the females are forced to leave the group once reaching adulthood, a social structure known as a __________ society |
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| hunmans and chimps have genomes of nearly the same size and share DNA sequences similarity of ______ |
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| the earliest fossils with human-like features date back to ___million years ago |
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| walking upright is a type of locomotion known as _____ |
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| the most widely accepted hypothese for the volution of bipedalism is the _____ hypothesis |
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Definition
| how many different human species evolved and then went extinct |
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| the first human species to leave Africa was homo ______ |
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| the population in N. Europe evolved into the ____ during the ice age |
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| the population in S Africa evolved into the __________ during the ice age |
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| due to the drought in Africa the homo sapien population was reduced to less then __________ |
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| the phenomenon in which an entire population is the descendants of only a few individulas is known as a genetic __________ |
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| the discovery of human genetic bottleneck was made by studying human ________ DNA |
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| Every modern human evolved from a small group of homo sapiens that originated on the continent of _________ |
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| When comparing the genomes of any two humans from any part of the world, their DNA sequences are ____ identical |
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| Out Of Africa or Replacement |
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Definition
| The hypothesis that suggest that modern homo sapiens left Africa and out competed all the other human species to extinction is the _____ Model |
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| Reginal Continuity or Multi-Regional Evolution |
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Definition
| the hypothese that suggest that local population evolved into humans and subsequent interbreeding with African migrants led to the genetic homogeneity of modern humans is known as the _______ Model |
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| Bristlcone pine tree, 4600 |
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Definition
| The oldest living oranism on Earth is the _____ whish is estimated at _____ years old |
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| In the early 20th century the life expectancy was ____ years olf and today is much greater, which can be attirbuted to _____ advances |
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| ICSI is a fertilization technique where ____ is directly injected into the ____ |
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| forming the ___ is the first step of the lify cycle |
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| the giant clam releases ___ first into the ocean and waits 30 mins before releasing the ____, this helps to avoid self-fertilization |
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| the christmas island crabs make a trip to the shore to lay their ___ in the ocean even though they reside on ___ |
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| placental mammals evolved a _____ which allows them to develop a fertilized egg into a fully formed animal |
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| after fetilization the embryo attaches to the uterus and produces the ___ which will trnasfer the nutrients gained from the mother to the fetus |
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| the maximum ___ ____ represents the biological limit of a species |
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| the number one infectious agent in the world that causes death in adults is ________ |
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| antibiotics, chemicals used for treatment of infections suchs as TB, were not used until the ___ |
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| Antibiotics were discovered in 1928 by ____ |
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| bacteria were first observed by Anton van Leeuwenhock in 1673 when he fashioned the first _____ |
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| plants and animals are composed of ____ cells |
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| bacterial cells are examples of ____ cells |
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| large amounts of waste dumped into rivers causes some microbes to grow to huge numbers, which depleted the dissolved ______ in the water |
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| mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotic cells that were taken up and now reside in eukaryotic cells as organelles, a process known as _________ |
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| Of all the biomass in the ocean, it is estimated that _____ is microbial |
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| archaebacteria, a group of organisms that can survive in extreme conditions, are also known as _____ |
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| microbes can be used to extract metals from ore, a process known as ______ |
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| a period of unconsciousness that lasts over an hour, during which the patient's eyes are closed |
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| body plan that allows humans and animals to be so successful |
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| classification system developed by Carolus Linnaeus which distinguishes among species based on _____ traits |
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Definition
| proteins which act as glue to hold dells together |
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| this protein was first used by the group of animals known scientifically |
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| although sponges have no muscle, no neurons, and no brain, they do have specialized cells for eating and moving water, this is known as _______ |
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| the two types of proteins which enable muscles to contract are ____ and ____ |
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| allow the muscles to communicate using a combination of electrical impulses and chemical signals |
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| a condition in which an organism produces both eggs and sperm (ex- flatworm) |
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| in order for biological organisms to become fossilized, the bones and tissues of an organism must become _____ |
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| replacement or compression |
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| when biological tissue such as a bone is covered by molten rock or embedded in silt and replaces by mineerals, the resulting fossil is known as _____ fossil |
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| when spiders or insects are trapped in the secretions of trees and turn to amber and fossilizes them, the resulting fossils are known as ________ fossils |
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| a method of determining the relative age of a fossil based on how deep it is within the sedimentary rock layers of the earth's surface is known as _______ |
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| a type of dating that determines the date of fossils by determining the ratio between parent elements and their decay products in the rock surrounding the fossil is knwo as ____ dating |
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| a fossil that represents a particular time period is known as an _____ fossil |
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| in the rocky mts of canada there is an area that is unusually rich in fossils, known as the __ ___ |
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| evidence suggest that the burgess shale was once a lime stone clift located in the ____ |
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Definition
| the fossils foudn in the burgess shale were dated to be roughly ____ old |
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| the burgess shale fossils are of organisms that lived in a geological period known as the _____ period |
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| during the cambrian explosion, all current animal ___ ____ evolved |
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| the first multicellular organisms on earth were ____ |
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| ancestral flatworms were the first organisms to develop a ___ body plan |
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| one hypothesis for the cause of the Cambrian explosion is that animals were able to evolve because a proper level of atmospheric ___ had been achieved |
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| the huge explosion in evolution of new body plans documented in the burgess shale is known as the ___ _____ |
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