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| The nervous system can be divided into two parts— |
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| he central nervous system (CNS) includes |
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| The peripheral nervous system includes |
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| s all the nerve fibers outside the brain and spinal cord: the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches. |
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| messages from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS from sensory receptors |
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| messages from the CNS out to muscles and glands, as well as autonomic messages that govern the internal organs and blood vessels. |
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| the cerebrum's outer layer of nerve cell bodies, which looks like “gray matter” because it lacks myelin. |
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| the white insulation on the axon that increases the conduction velocity of nerve impulses. |
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| the center for human's highest functions, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement |
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| which hemisphere is dominant in most (95%) people |
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| the left hemisphere is dominant in most (95%) people, including those who are left-handed. |
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| Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes. Name them |
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| frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. |
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| has areas concerned with personality, behavior, emotions, and intellectual function. |
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| what part of the frontal lobe initiates voluntary movement. |
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| this lobe's postcentral gyrus is the primary center for sensation. |
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| this lobe is the primary visual receptor center |
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| this lobe behind the ear has the primary auditory reception center with functions of hearing, taste, and smell. |
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| this area in the temporal lobe is associated with language comprehension. |
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| this area in the frontal lobe mediates motor speech. |
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| The person can understand language and knows what he or she wants to say, but can produce only a garbled sound. This is called.. |
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| large bands of gray matter buried deep within the two cerebral hemispheres that form the subcortical associated motor system (the extrapyramidal system) |
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| They help to initiate and coordinate movement and control automatic associated movements of the body |
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| the main relay station where the sensory pathways of the spinal cord, cerebellum, and brainstem form synapses (sites of contact between two neurons) on their way to the cerebral cortex. |
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| a major respiratory center with basic vital functions: temperature, appetite, sex drive, heart rate, and blood pressure (BP) control; sleep center; anterior and posterior pituitary gland regulator; and coordinator of autonomic nervous system activity and stress response. |
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| a coiled structure located under the occipital lobe that is concerned with motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium (i.e., the postural balance of the body), and muscle tone |
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| what brain center does not initiate movement but coordinates and smoothes it by using coordination muscles? |
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| the most anterior part of the brainstem that still has the basic tubular structure of the spinal cord. It merges into the thalamus and hypothalamus. It contains many motor neurons and tracts. |
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| the enlarged area containing ascending sensory and descending motor tracts. It has two respiratory centers (pneumotaxic and apneustic) that coordinate with the main respiratory center in the medulla. |
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| the continuation of the spinal cord in the brain that contains all ascending and descending fiber tracts. |
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| the brainstem has 3 areas.. name them. |
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| how far does the spinal cord stretch in the spine? |
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| It occupies the upper two thirds of the vertebral canal from the medulla to lumbar vertebrae L1-L2 |
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a notable feature of the nerve tracts; the left cerebral cortex receives sensory information from and controls motor function to the right side of the body, whereas the right cerebral cortex likewise interacts with the left side of the body.
this is called.. |
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| Sensation travels in the _______ fibers in the peripheral nerve, then through the posterior (dorsal) root, and then into the spinal cord. |
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| Millions of sensory receptors are found in which areas of the body? |
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| skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and viscera. |
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| sensory receptors monitor what? |
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| They monitor conscious sensation, internal organ functions, body position, and reflexes |
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| The spinothalamic tract contains sensory fibers that transmit the sensations of |
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| pain, temperature, and crude or light touch (i.e., not precisely localized). |
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| d up the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus. Fibers carrying pain and temperature sensations ascend which spinothalamic tract |
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| fibers carrying the sensation for crude touch go up which spinothalamic tract? |
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| At the thalamus, the fibers synapse with a third sensory neuron, which carries the message to the ____ ____ for full interpretation. |
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| These fibers enter the dorsal root and proceed immediately up the same side of the spinal cord to the ______. At the ________, they synapse with a second sensory neuron and then cross. They travel to the _______, synapse again, and proceed to the ____ ____, which localizes the sensation and makes full discrimination. |
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| brainstem, medulla, thalamus, sensory cortex |
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| The area has been named “pyramidal” because it originates in pyramidal-shaped cells in the motor cortex. |
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| Corticospinal or Pyramidal Tract |
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| what mediates voluntary movement, particularly very skilled, discrete, purposeful movements, such as writing. |
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| a complex of all the descending motor fibers that can influence or modify the lower motor neurons. |
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| Upper motor neurons are located completely within the |
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| a bundle of fibers outside the CNS |
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| what carrys input to the CNS via their sensory afferent fibers and deliver output from the CNS via the efferent fibers. |
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| what are four types of reflexes |
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| (1) Deep tendon reflexes (myotatic), e.g., patellar [or knee jerk]; (2) Superficial, e.g., corneal reflex, abdominal reflex; (3) Visceral (organic), e.g., pupillary response to light and accommodation; (4) Pathologic (abnormal), e.g., Babinski (or extensor plantar) reflex. |
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| The deep tendon (myotatic, or stretch) reflex has five components |
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| (1) an intact sensory nerve (afferent); (2) a functional synapse in the cord; (3) an intact motor nerve fiber (efferent); (4) the neuromuscular junction; and (5) a competent muscle. |
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| what nerves enter and exit the brain rather than the spinal cord |
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| the cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves. |
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| a circumscribed skin area that is supplied mainly from one spinal cord segment through a particular spinal nerve |
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| Motor activity in the newborn is under the control of the (2 things) |
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| Neuron loss leads many people older than 65 years to show signs that, in the younger adult, would be considered abnormal, such as |
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| such as general loss of muscle bulk; loss of muscle tone in the face, in the neck, and around the spine; decreased muscle strength; impaired fine coordination and agility; loss of vibratory sense at the ankle; decreased or absent Achilles reflex; loss of position sense at the big toe; pupillary miosis; irregular pupil shape; and decreased pupillary reflexes. |
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| The velocity of nerve conduction decreases between __ and __% with aging |
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| a sudden loss of strength, a temporary loss of consciousness (a faint) due to lack of cerebral blood flow |
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| rotational spinning caused by neurologic disease in the vestibular apparatus in the ear or in the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. |
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| a subjective sensation that precedes a seizure; it could be auditory, visual, or motor. |
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| a partial or incomplete paralysis. |
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| a loss of motor function due to a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innervation. |
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| the inability to control the distance, power, and speed of a muscular action. |
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| difficulty forming words; |
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| difficulty with language comprehension or expression ( |
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| decrease or loss of smell occurs bilaterally with tobacco smoking, allergic rhinitis, and cocaine use. |
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| confrontation test, visual acuity |
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| back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes. |
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| Light touch test and chin strength test |
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| Smile,frown, lift eyebrows, ect. facial motor nerve |
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| shoulder test, neck movement |
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| describe the Romberg Test |
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| .Ask the person to stand up with feet together and arms at the sides. Once in a stable position, ask the person to close the eyes and to hold the position (Fig. 23-17). Wait about 20 seconds. Normally, a person can maintain posture and balance even with the visual orienting information blocked, although slight swaying may occur. (Stand close to catch the person in case he or she falls.) |
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| is loss of balance that occurs when closing the eyes. |
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| A positive Romberg sign occurs with |
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| cerebellar ataxia (multiple sclerosis, alcohol intoxication), loss of proprioception, and loss of vestibular function. |
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| describe stereognosis tests |
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| With the person's eyes closed, place a familiar object (paper clip, key, coin, cotton ball, or pencil) in his or her hand and ask the person to identify it (Fig. 23-27). Normally, a person will explore it with the fingers and correctly name it. Test a different object in each hand; testing the left hand assesses right parietal lobe functioning. |
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| inability to identify object correctly. |
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| Reflex test measurements and meanings |
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4+ Very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease
3+ Brisker than average, may indicate disease, probably normal
2+ Average, normal
1+ Diminished, low normal, or occurs only with reinforcement
0 No response |
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| the exaggerated reflex seen when the monosynaptic reflex arc is released from the usually inhibiting influence of higher cortical levels. |
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| which is the absence of a reflex, is a lower motor neuron problem. |
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| Except in infancy, the abnormal response is dorsiflexion of the big toe and fanning of all toes, which is a positive |
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| Babinski sign, also called “upgoing toes” |
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| is a standardized, objective assessment that defines the level of consciousness by giving it a numeric value. |
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