Term
| How lung removes inhaled particles |
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Definition
| 1. Conducting airways contain mucus and cilia. 2. Alveolar macrophages 3. Lung can also sift clots in the pulmonary system. |
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Term
| Structure of the respiratory system |
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Definition
1. Airways: conducting and alveolar
2. Pulmonary blood flow |
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Term
| Components of the respiratory system that contain cartilage |
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Definition
| Trachea and bronchi contain cartilage, cartilage disappears in bronchioles. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Conducting zone components |
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Definition
1. Trachea
2. Bronchi
3. Regular bronchioles
4. Terminal bronchioles
All components contain smooth muscle for the regulation of airflow into alveoli. |
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Term
| Types of cells in alveolar wall |
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Definition
Contains two types of epithelial cells.
1. Type I: for gas exchange
2. Type II:
a. Secretes pulmonary surfactant that stabilizes the alveoli and keeps it open. Without surfactant, alveoli tend to collapse, inhibiting gas exchange.
b. Serves as a regenerating source for more Type I and II cells.
Also contains alveolar macrophages which remove debris to ciliated portions of the respiratory tract. |
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Term
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Definition
Air moves through diffusion.
Dependent on surface area/ thickness, diffusion constant of the gas, and the pressure gradient.
Fick's Law
A/T x D x (P1-P2) |
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Term
| Speed and efficiency of gas exchange |
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Definition
| Gas exchange occurs quickly and efficiently. Capillaries form a thin sheet of blood over alveoli, with each RBC spending under 1 sec/alveoli and going to 2-3 alveoli before being saturated with oxygen. Almost 100% O2 saturation, slightly mixed with deoxygenated blood from the coronary sinus and bronchial veins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Total pressure of a mixture of gases= sum of the individual partial pressures.
Ptotal=Pa+Pb+Pc
Conducting airways warm and moisten air which provides additional water vapor pressure that needs to be accounted for once air reaches the conducting component. This doesn't change the total pressure, but does change the individual partial pressures of each gas.
Px = PB x F (dry gas/atmospheric)
PB, barometric pressure, 760 mmHg at sea level
F, fractional concentration of gas
Px = (PB – PH2O) x F (humidified gas)
PH2O, water vapor pressure, 47 mmHg at 370
Obligatory and influenced ONLY by temperature |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of gas dissolved by blood is dependent on the pressure of the gas along with a proportionality constant.
(O2)Dis = s X PO2 |
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Term
| Functions of the respiratory pump |
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Definition
1. Move air through conducting system.
2. Provide gas exchange in the respiratory zone.
3. Acid base regulation, coordinates with the kidneys. |
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Term
| Characteristics of pulmonary circulation |
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Definition
1. High flow with low pressure: receives the entire cardiac output at about 15 mm Hg.
2. Has highly compliant vessels and vascular beds to accommodate higher pressures, which may occur during exercise or other strenuous activity. |
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Term
| O2 saturation of blood in pulmonary artery |
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Definition
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Term
| Total alveolar surface area |
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Definition
| About 80-85 square meters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures static volumes and capacities of lung. Cannot measure anything involving residual volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of air being moved in and out during normal respiration (~500 ml, reflects amount of air in conducting zone and alveoli) |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of air left in the lung after maximum expiration, cannot be measured by spirometry. Contains about 1200 ml of air. |
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Term
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air that can be moved in after a normal breath. Around 3000 ml. |
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Term
| Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air that can be moved out after a normal breath. Around 3000 ml. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Tidal Volume
2. Residual Volume
3. Inspiratory Residual Volume
4. Expiratory Residual Volume |
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Term
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Definition
Capacity=combination of various volumes
1. Vital capacity
2. Functional residual capacity
3. Total lung capacity
4. Inspiratory capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air moved in and out lungs. Encompasses IRV, TV, and ERV. |
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Term
| Functional Residual Capacity |
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Definition
| Amount of air remaining after normal expiration. Encompasses ERV and RV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled. Consists of IRV and TV. |
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Term
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Definition
| Total amount of air in lungs after maximal inspiration (5900 ml). Encompasses IRV, TV, ERV, and RV. |
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Term
| Ways of measuring functional reserve capacity |
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Definition
1. Helium Dilution
2. Plethysmography |
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Term
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Definition
Way of measuring helium is insoluble and will not cross the alveolar wall.
1. Patient inhales a known quantity of helium with a normal breath (TV).
2. Air and gas equilibriate and patient expires.
3. The new ratio of air and helium is back calculated to figure out the volume of air in the lung used to create the new ratio. |
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Term
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Definition
Goes off Boyle's Law (Pressure x Volume=constant).
1. Patient sits in an airtight plexiglass box.
2. After expiring normally, subject holds breath.
4. Patient then inspires.
Results in pressure in lungs decreasing and volume increasing. Also results in pressure in box increasing and volume decreasing.
Increase in pressure of box measured to calculate FRC. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Chest wall wants to spring out.
2. Lung wants to collapse due to elasticity.
Forces normally held in balance. Opposing forces create a vacuum space in between called the intrapleural space (-5 H20 throughout). Puncture of pleura will result in pneumothorax. |
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