Term
| Nazi human experimentation |
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Definition
| effects of disease, poison, hypothermia, starvation, gunshot wounds, and other harms on the human body by using unwilling human subjects. |
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Term
| Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army studied |
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Definition
| Army studied the effects of frostbite, disease and weapons on prisoners of war. |
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Term
| “The Chamber” soviet union |
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Definition
| where poisons (to be used by espionage agents) were tested on political prisoners. |
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Term
| north korea is suspected of testing |
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Definition
| poisonous gas on political prisoners. Additionally, they have been accused of allowing medical students to practice surgeries on prisoners without anesthesia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irish and Indian soldiers (without their consent) to test whether mustard gas had the same effect on darker pigmented skin as it does on lighter pigmented skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| fed intellectually and developmentally disabled children diets extremely high in sugar to test for a link between such diets and tooth decay |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers have intentionally exposed people to radiation, left serious diseases untreated, and infected disabled children with hepatitis in the name of scientific research. |
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Term
| The Nuremberg Code (1947) |
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Definition
The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential.”
Experiments must “yield fruitful results for the good of society, unprocurable by other means … and not random or unnecessary.” |
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Term
The Nuremberg Code says Experiments should also:
have-
avoid-
not be-
never involve-
be conducted- |
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Definition
Have evidential support through other means that it is necessary;
Avoid unnecessary suffering;
Not be undertaken if there is an “a priori reason to think that it will lead to death or major disability;
Never involve risks that outweigh the “humanitarian importance” of the experiment;
Be conducted only by “scientifically qualified persons.” |
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Term
| The nuremberg code says experimental subjects have the right to |
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Definition
To medical care; and
To stop the experiment at any time. |
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Term
| nuremberg says -- researchers are required to -- |
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Definition
| “scientifically qualified” researchers are required to stop the experiment “if he has probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the experimental subject.” |
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Term
| Declaration of Helsinki (1964) elaborates: |
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Definition
| elaborates and expands on many of the principles delineated in the NC: |
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Term
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Definition
| that the experiment should be conducted by a scientifically qualified person, but supervised by a clinically competent medical practitioner. |
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Term
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Definition
| what must be revealed in cases of informed consent. |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers should consider the ethical impacts of the experiment and that the ethical impacts of the experiment should be reviewed by an independent board. |
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Term
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Definition
| three basic principles of research ethics |
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Term
| Belmont report principles: |
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Definition
respect for persons
beneficence
justice |
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Term
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Definition
Treat individuals as autonomous agents (when they are)
Protect individuals when their autonomy is diminished |
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Term
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Definition
Make efforts to secure a person’s well-being
Do no Harm
Maximize benefit/ Minimize Harm |
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Term
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Definition
| Fairness of distribution (benefits and costs) |
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Term
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Definition
ca 16th Century Syhpilis epidemic throughout Europe. “A night with Venus and a lifetime with Mercury”
1890-1910 Oslo Study of 2000 “untreated” syphilis patients
1917 Arsenic, while not safe, found to be effective in curing primary and secondary syphilis.
1928 Oslo study findings disseminated widely
1929 The Great Depression begins.
1932 Tuskegee Study begins
1945 Penicillin discovered to be a safe and effective cure for syphilis
1947 Nuremberg Trials and Nuremberg Code; US Government campaign to wipe out syphilis
1964 Declaration of Helsinki
1966 -68 Ethical worries are raised by Peter Buxtun and Dr. William C. Jenkins
1972 After 6 years of inaction, Peter Buxtun goes public as a whistle-blower; Tuskegee study finally shut down
1979 Belmont Report (Partially in response to the Tuskegee Study)
1997 President Clinton apologizes on behalf of the US Government |
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Term
| The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment |
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Definition
The study followed 600 African-American males over a 40 year period.
The participants were led to believe that they were being “treated” for “bad blood.” |
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Term
| of the 600 in the tuskegee |
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Definition
| 399 participants had syphilis and none of the infected received treatment during the study. |
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Term
| how were participants in tuskegee "treated" |
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Definition
“free medical care”,
a hot meal on examination days,
and free burial insurance (after an autopsy was performed).
Acceptance of such was viewed as “consent.”
Some dangerous and painful diagnostic procedures (such as lumbar punctures) were billed as “special free treatments.” |
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Term
| The tuskegee participants were disuaded from |
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Definition
| participating in government-run syphilis treatment programs when they came to Macon County. |
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Term
| The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment by 1972 |
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Definition
28 subjects died of untreated syphilis
Another 100 or so died of syphilis-related complications
40 women who were married to the subjects were also infected
19 children were born with congenital syphilis |
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Term
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
In what ways did the study violate the Nuremburg Code?
In what ways did the study run counter to the Declaration of Helsinki?
In what ways could the principles listed in the Belmont Report prevent another Tuskegee? |
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Definition
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