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| Normative theories are intended to provide |
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Definition
| an account of how to determine which actions are good (bad) and which actions are right (wrong) |
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Kantianism (Deontology)
Utilitarianism (Consequentialism)
Contractarianism
Virtue Ethics |
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| the axiology of a normative theory makes a claim about what is intrinsically valuable. |
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| A thing has intrinsic value iff that thing or characteristic is valuable in itself. That means that its value is not explained in terms of the value of anything else. |
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| (also called instrumental value) something that has value that can be explained in terms of something else. |
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| a thing has moral standing iff that thing is an object of direct duties. A theory’s axiology generally determines what things do have moral standing. |
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| General Moral Principles – |
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| principles for determining when an action is the right action. |
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| Specific Moral Principles – |
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| principles that are derived from general moral principles concerning what a moral agent ought to do in a given type of situation. |
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| Conflict Resolution Principles – |
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| rules for determining what to do when there is a conflict between two or more moral principles. |
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| Those who are morally responsible for (at least some of) the things they do. |
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| Those to whom moral agents owe direct duties |
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| beings that are capable of experiencing pleasure and pain. |
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| utilitarianism initially developed by |
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| The right action, according to utilitarianism, is defined in terms of |
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| According to classical utilitarians (like Bentham), pleasure is |
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Definition
| intrinsically good and pain is intrinsically bad.the more pleasurable (or less painful) something is the better it is. |
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Term
utilitarianism is a Consequentialism theory-
Hedonistic- |
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Definition
focuses on the consequences (the good ones)
Hedonistic- good is good in and in of itself |
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Term
| Utilitarian says Something is intrinsically good when, |
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Definition
| considered in and of itself, it is good without reference to its consequences. |
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| Utilitarian says Somethingis extrinsically good when its |
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Definition
| consequences are intrinsically good. |
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Term
| Utilitarian. an action is (extrinsically) good only when |
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Definition
| consequences produce more pleasure on balance, and (extrinsically) bad only when it produces more pain on balance. |
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Term
| The general moral principle of utilitarianism is |
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Definition
| the principle of utility, which states that one ought to act so that one produces the greatest utility. |
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Term
| For classical utilitarians this means that one ought to act |
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Definition
| so that one produces the greatest balance of pleasure. |
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| =df A (as opposed to any other available alternative) produces the greatest balance of pleasure over pain. |
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| who has moral standing in utilitarianism |
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| Common Objections to Utilitarianism |
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Definition
1. does not respect individual rights.
2. too hard.
3. too demanding.
4. does not take into account the importance of special relationships. |
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| Utilitarianism does not respect individual rights. |
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Definition
Transplant Case
Possible fix – Rules-utilitarianism. |
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| Utilitarianism is too hard. |
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Definition
One can’t adequately predict every consequence.
Response – Ought implies can. |
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| Utilitarianism is too demanding. |
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Definition
There is no such thing as above and beyond the call of duty.
Possible fix – Non-maximizing utilitarianism. |
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| Utilitarianism does not take into account the importance of special relationships. |
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Definition
Contract case.
Possible fix – rules utilitarianism. |
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