Term
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Definition
Behavior is explained by aspects of the
person |
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Term
|
Definition
Behavior is explained by aspects of the
situation |
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Term
| Causal attributions can be formed by |
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Definition
comparing real outcomes to imagined
alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
Thoughts of what might have been, could have
been, or should have been “if only”
something had been done differently |
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Term
Emotional reactions to counterfactual thoughts
increase depending on |
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Definition
how easy it is to
imagine the alternative |
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Term
May feel more personally responsible for
failure depending on |
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Definition
how easy it is to
imagine the alternative |
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Term
| Emotional amplification and imagining alternatives. --are easier to imagine than things more -- |
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Definition
| close calls rather than things more seperated by time |
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Term
Silver medalists may imagine--
Bronze medalists imagine-- |
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Definition
Silver medalists may imagine a gold medal as
the alternative
¤ Bronze medalists may imagine receiving no
medal as the alternative |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
Tendency to believe that a behavior is due to
a person’s traits or disposition despite the
situational causes present |
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Term
| Actor-Observer Differences |
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Definition
Attributions may differ between the person
engaging in a behavior (the actor) and a
person observing the behavior (the observer) |
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Term
| in actor-observer differences the actor is disposed to explain behavior as due to |
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Definition
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Term
| in actor-observer differences the observer is disposed to explain behavior due to |
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Definition
| dispositional qualities of actor |
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Term
when explaining the choice of major for
themselves and their friends, students focused on __ for themselves and ___ for friends |
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Definition
aspects of the major for their own choice, but on
personality characteristics for their friend’s choice |
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Term
| Causes of the Fundamental Attribution Error |
|
Definition
Perceptional salience
Motivation to believe in a just
Automatic and controlled cognitive world |
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Term
|
Definition
¤ Often attribute things to what appears to be
most obvious cause |
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Term
Fundamental attribution errors may occur
because people are often more salient than |
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Definition
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Term
| Motivation to believe in a just world |
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Definition
Motivated to believe that people get what
they deserve in life |
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Term
Motivated to believe that people get what
they deserve in life |
|
Definition
Good things happen to good people, bad things
to bad people |
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Term
Fundamental attribution errors may be
reassuring because we feel less vulnerable to |
|
Definition
| external factors influencing our life outcomes |
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Term
Automatic and controlled cognitive
processing |
|
Definition
Dispositional attributions are often made
automatically |
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Term
Situational attributions require more cognitive
thought after |
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Definition
weighing information about the
context |
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Term
| Culture and Causal Attributions- The fundamental attribution error may be less |
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Definition
The fundamental attribution error may be less
prevalent in collectivistic cultures |
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Term
| Individualists more likely to attribute behaviors |
|
Definition
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Term
| Collectivists more likely to attribute behaviors to |
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Definition
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Term
Coaches in the United States were more likely to
attribute wins to ____ vs coaches in china who ____ |
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Definition
US: abilities of the players
China: difficulties experienced by the other team |
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Term
Differences in attributions between some
American subcultures |
|
Definition
Mexican-American and Puerto
Rican children were found to make fewer
dispositional inferences than Caucasians |
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Term
Priming Culture- For people who are connected to both
independent and interdependent cultures,
attribution styles |
|
Definition
may change depending
on the cultural context |
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Term
| Hong Kong evidence for priming culture |
|
Definition
Hong Kong is heavily influenced by both
China and Western countries like the United
States and the United Kingdom |
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Term
| Residents of Hong Kong can |
|
Definition
switch between
independent and interdependent attributions
styles |
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Term
| Hong Kong made more ___attributions after being primed with Western Culture |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Hong Kong made more ___attributions after being primed with Chinese culture |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
the amount of wealth,
education, and occupational prestige a person
and his or her family enjoy |
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Term
| In general, people from lower social classes act |
|
Definition
more collectivist than people from higher social
classes |
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Term
| Dispositions: Fixed or Flexible |
|
Definition
similar to incremental/entity theories – but focusing
on personality instead of intelligence! |
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Term
|
Definition
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
Agreeableness
neuroticism |
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Term
|
Definition
features characteristics such as
imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad
range of interests. |
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Term
|
Definition
include high levels of thoughtfulness, with
good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors. Those high in
conscientiousness tend to be organized and mindful of details. |
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Term
|
Definition
includes characteristics such as excitability,
sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional
expressiveness. |
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Term
|
Definition
includes attributes such as trust,
altruism, kindness, affection, and other prosocial behaviors. |
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Term
|
Definition
Individuals high in this trait tend to
experience emotional instability, anxiety, moodiness, irritability,
and sadness. |
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Term
The “Big Five” dimensions of personality
are the |
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Definition
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|
Term
For both individualists and collectivists,
personalities can be described along traits of |
|
Definition
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Term
| Three important dimensions of attributions regarding the causes of events |
|
Definition
internal vs external
stable vs unstable
global vs specific |
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Term
|
Definition
I caused this versus this was caused by something outside of me."
n Note that an internal attribution can be about effort as well as about
a trait. " |
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Term
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Definition
| This is something temporary vs. it will always be like this. |
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Term
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Definition
This is informative about everything vs. this is informative
about this one limited domain." |
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Term
Individualists are more likely to view
personality traits |
|
Definition
as stable, fixed, and
unchangeable |
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Term
Collectivists are more likely to view
personality traits as |
|
Definition
able to change
through effort and changing circumstances |
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