Term
|
Definition
| generalized belief* about members of a group (cognition) |
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Term
|
Definition
| generalized attitude* toward members of a group |
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Term
| discrimination definition |
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Definition
| behaviors* directed toward ppl on the basis of their group membership |
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Term
| denying someone a job bc of their race or gender |
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Definition
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Term
| dislike for members of al qaeda |
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Definition
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Term
| new yorkers are rude and always in a hurry |
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Definition
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Term
We all have multiple_____(e.g. age,
race, gender, political orientation, sexuality,
religious affiliation, etc.) |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
seeing the groups
we belong to as better makes us
feel good about ourselves |
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Term
|
Definition
| tend to favor our in group |
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Term
social identity theory
categorize
identify
compare |
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Definition
! We categorize people into groups
! We identify with certain groups (ingroups)
! We compare our ingroups to outgroup |
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Term
| Just separating people into groups leads |
|
Definition
| in group bias (minimal group) |
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Term
| consequences of forming groups for the in group |
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Definition
• Positive feelings
• Special treatment
• Perhaps in order to maintain our self esteem |
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Term
| consequences of forming groups for the out group |
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Definition
| Exaggeration of how they differ from the ingroup |
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Term
• Out-group __________________- the
perception that out-group members are very
____________ |
|
Definition
homogeneity
they are very similar to each
other |
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|
Term
What are the Consequences of
Stereotyping? |
|
Definition
! biased interpretations
self fulfilling prophecies |
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Term
|
Definition
! Is that a weapon?
! Was that action violent? |
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Term
| self fulfilling prophecies |
|
Definition
Causing
others to confirm our stereotypic
expectations |
|
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Term
| self fulfilling prophecy model: |
|
Definition
| your expectation -> your behavior -> elicits rxns/behaviors in others -> confirms your expectations |
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Term
|
Definition
Unpleasant apprehension arising
from the awareness of a negative ability stereotype in
a situation where the stereotype is relevant, and thus confirmable |
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Term
| existence of negative stereotypes about one's group creates anxiety that may lead to __ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| stereotypes threat requires ___ held in the culture |
|
Definition
| knowledge of but not belief in stereotypes held in the culture |
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Term
| Is Racial Prejudice Declining? |
|
Definition
more subtle
norms discourage overt bias
become more positive |
|
|
Term
Are people less prejudiced than
they were 50 years ago? |
|
Definition
Depends upon the group
Ex. Prejudice against Blacks vs.
Arabs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Traditional (institutionalized) vs.
Modern (covert) discrimination |
|
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Term
|
Definition
School segregation, voting rights,
etc. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Informal hiring practices, social
interactions |
|
|
Term
more subtle but
often just as damaging |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
more subtle
sub categories:
automatic associations
aversive racism |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stereotypes have long socialization history |
|
|
Term
When people do not or can not actively
control stereotypes, |
|
Definition
they influence responses
high and low -prejudice people often
show bias on uncontrollable (implicit) measures |
|
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Term
| Implicit and explicit attitudes influence |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| overt bias, policy attitudes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nonverbal bias, split second decisions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
(e.g., police responses to criminal
suspects) |
|
Definition
Split second implicit biases can have very real
implications |
|
|
Term
Most people show
(for white over black or young over old) |
|
Definition
strong automatic preferences
that they might not explicitly agree with |
|
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Term
|
Definition
true beliefs as well as
knowledge of associations within the culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alternating _________
and _______________ responses to Black
people |
|
|
Term
| ! Frey and Gaertner (1986) examined |
|
Definition
willingness to help a partner working on
scrabble task (paired white participants w/black or white partner and asked if deserving of help) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
strong automatic preferences
that they might not explicitly agree with |
|
|
Term
| results of the IAT may reflect |
|
Definition
true beliefs as well as
knowledge of associations within the culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
more subtle
– Automatic associations
– Aversive racism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alternating positive
and negative responses to Black people |
|
|
Term
| aversive racism ___ values and ___ images |
|
Definition
| Egalitarian values & nonprejudiced selfimage |
|
|
Term
| aversive racism __feelings |
|
Definition
| Negative feelings (discomfort) & beliefs |
|
|
Term
| aversive racism response is determined by |
|
Definition
presence of
nonracial justification for negative
response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
slow process
much like breaking a habit |
|
|
Term
| 1st step of prejudice reduction |
|
Definition
must 1st develop the
motivation to respond without
prejudice |
|
|
Term
| 2nd step of prejudice reduction |
|
Definition
People must then develop the ability to
respond consistently with their personal
beliefs (not the stereotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contact between majority and minority
group members will decrease prejudice |
|
|
Term
| Contact Hypothesis will disprove |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contact hyptothesis works only |
|
Definition
when contact occurs between people
of equal status in pursuit of common goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 11 yr. old boys, white, well-adjusted, middleclass put into two groups Rattlers vs eagles |
|
|
Term
| 3 phases of Robbers Cave Study |
|
Definition
– Phase 1: Creating in-groups
– Phase 2: Intergroup competition
– Phase 3: Intergroup cooperation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Ingroup favoritism (own members brave,
friendly, tough)
• Disliking for outgroup (sneaky, stinkers, smart
alecks) |
|
|
Term
| Through competitive activites, created |
|
Definition
hositility between two groups of equal-status
boys at summer camp |
|
|
Term
Tried contact to reduce hositility
– watching movies together, eating in same dining
room |
|
Definition
| huge failure, created opportunity for aggression |
|
|
Term
Tried creating “emergencies” that forced
groups to work together |
|
Definition
– initially went back to fighting as soon as tasks
complete
– gradual decline in hostility and eventual
friendship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
situation where two or more groups need
each other and must depend on each
other to accomplish a goal that is important to |
|
|
Term
Research in the 1970's and 80's
showed that contact between children
from different ethnic/racial groups |
|
Definition
was
not reducing prejudice. |
|
|
Term
| Research in the 1970's and 80's was disapointing bc |
|
Definition
Contact hypothesis: proposes that
contact reduces prejudice UNDER
CERTAIN CONDITIONS.
• These conditions were not met in the
desegregation efforts. |
|
|
Term
6 Conditions necessary for contact to
reduce prejudice |
|
Definition
1. equal status
2. personal, informal contact
3. common goals
4. mutual interdependence
5. existing norms must favor group equality
6. Contact w/multiple group
members to breakdown stereotypes. |
|
|
Term
equal status
not typical-
unequal - |
|
Definition
– Not typical before 1954
– Unequal settings (lower status jobs, service industry)
– In school, from different SES |
|
|
Term
| personal, informal contact |
|
Definition
– Kids segregate on playground
– Desegregation did not create true integration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not typical in schools (competitive) |
|
|
Term
Existing norms must favor group
equality |
|
Definition
Not true during desegregation – in fact,
much resistance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Interpretation of ambiguous behaviour
biased by stereotype
• Even contact with individuals who clearly
disconfirm the stereotype may not
generalize to the whole group |
|
|
Term
can lead to stereotype
change |
|
Definition
When a person does not behave consistently
with a stereotype |
|
|
Term
When a person does not behave consistently
with a stereotype it sometimes leads to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
splitting off a
___subgroup____ that protects original stereotype |
|
|
Term
We are also motivated to maintain our theories
and, ask such, |
|
Definition
sometimes ignore or distort
information inconsistent with those theories |
|
|
Term
| Stereotype change more likely if |
|
Definition
– individual is otherwise typical of the group
(e.g., independent, but is nurturing and wears
makeup and feminine clothes)
– deviation from the stereotype is moderate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– those who disconfirm a stereotype on a
particular dimension (e.g., assertive) also
disconfirm it on another dimension (e.g., good
at math)
– we have other information with which to
dismiss the person as atypical (e.g., she had
brothers)
– the deviation from the stereotype is extreme
(e.g., she is extremely aggressive) |
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