Term
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Definition
• affect- feelings/emotions
• behavior- actions
• cognition- thinking |
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Term
| • Automatic vs controlled processing |
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Definition
| o We generally do not use all of the available info about a person when forming impressions of him/her bc too much info at once |
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Term
| o Social information may be processed two different ways |
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Definition
| • Automatic vs controlled processing |
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Term
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Definition
• Automatic, involuntary, and unconscious
• Often based on emotional responses |
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Term
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Definition
• Conscious, systematic, and deliberate
• Controlled processing can override automatic responses |
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Term
| o Automatic/unconscious processing |
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Definition
| • Unconscious influences occur without awareness |
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Term
| ex of automatic processing |
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Definition
• Muscular feedback: more positive judgements are made if pulling the arm toward the self and more negative judgments if pushing the arm away from the self
• For exaple, people walk more slowly if mentally primed with thoughts of the elderly |
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Term
| • Schemas are _____ processes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o Definition: mental representations of knowledge
o Mental structures that help organize knowledge about the social world and guide the selection, interpretation, and recall of information |
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Term
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Definition
• Preconceptions
• Theories
• Expectations |
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Term
| • Schemas applied to group= |
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Definition
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Term
| • Schemas also can be applied to |
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Definition
| objects, specific individuals and to ourselves |
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Term
| o Schemas do not have to be |
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Definition
accurate
for example the memory task (people say they remember musical instruments that weren't listed) |
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Term
| o Evolution may explain why many human behaviors are |
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Definition
| apparently universal and occur in all human cultures |
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Term
| examples of evolution related behaviors of humans |
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Definition
• Marriage, incest avoidance, gossip
• Facial expressions, food sharing, social status, and fear of snakes are common among all primates |
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Term
| o People in western cultures tend to have an |
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Definition
| independent construal or view of the self (personal attributes) |
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Term
| o People in non-western cultures tend to have an |
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Definition
| interdependent construal or view of the self (group memberships) |
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Term
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Definition
| self is stable, goal- be unique, promotes own goals, happiness comes from feeling effective and superior |
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Term
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Definition
| self is flexible (who you are at work is different than how you are at home) goal= belong, promote group goals, happiness comes from feeling connected |
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Term
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Definition
| interpretation and inferences made about a stimulus or situation |
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Term
| o People create their own reality |
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Definition
| construal: princeton vs dartmouth fans watch same game and see it completely differently |
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Term
| construals and interpretations |
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Definition
o Interpretation is an actice process
• Interpretations are subjective, not objective and may misrepresent the truth |
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Term
| Milgram's study of obedience demonstrates |
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Definition
• Power of the situation
• People will go much further than they expect they will. The situation is enormously powerful |
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Term
| milgram's experiment set up: |
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Definition
| study of learning and shocking |
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Term
milgrams experiement: • Despite potential harm to another person ---% participants completed the experiment.
Original prediction was __% would complete it |
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Definition
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Term
| o Hypotheses can be based on: |
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Definition
personal observations
previous theories and research |
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Term
| hypothesis based on personal experience types: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| at party in btw convos and feeling awkward and start doing stuff to make it seem like he wasn’t alone. Maybe hes not the only one who experiences this. All of us do. We feel like everyone staring at us. We are all worried about ourselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| - basking in reflected glory. Fball team does well everyone wears the gear. They want to be apart of it if it is sucessful |
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Term
| • 3 types of correlational methods |
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Definition
o 1. Observational reserach- observing beahvior in natural setting
o 2. Surveys
o 3. Archival research |
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Term
| o 1. Observational reserach- observing beahvior in natural setting PRO/CONS |
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Definition
• pros- real behavior, real situations
• cons- reseraches can interfer, some behaviors are rare, cannot determine cause |
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Term
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Definition
• pros- can study difficult to observe behaviors and thoughts
• cons- framing effect= how things are worded on the survey will skew the results.
Participants might be biased or untruthful. (raise your hand if you think about sex too much.. no one raises hand= people are being untruthful) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Manipulating social processes, varying aspect of the situation |
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Term
| • looking at behavior in its natural setting: |
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Definition
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Term
| • an important factor wiith __surveys__ is ______ : |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
stanford prison guard 1970s
stopped after 6d |
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Term
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Definition
correlational method of examining public records
pros- access to large amounts of data, no difficulty generalized
Cons- many |
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Term
| A correlation is the degree to which |
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Definition
| 2 or more variables are related |
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Term
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Definition
Highly correlations= strong correlations
Low correlations= weak or no relationships |
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Term
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Definition
Positive-
X increases y increases (study time increases, grades increases)
Negative correlation-
X increases Y decreases (depression and life satisfaction)
O correlation
X scores are not related to Y scores (red hair/ freckles)
Graph- further away from “O” the stronger the relationship |
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Term
| Correlation does not imply |
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Definition
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Term
• Correlational methods -> ?
• Experimental methods-> ? |
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Definition
• Correlational methods -> WHAT?
• Experimental methods-> WHY? |
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Term
| o To determine causality- |
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Definition
| must use experimental methods |
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Term
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Definition
| researcher manipulates something and examines its effect on something else |
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Term
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Definition
| o Independent variables: the variable thats manipulated |
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Term
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Definition
| the variable thats measured |
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Term
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Definition
| each subject has equal chance of being in any condition. (most critical component of experiment) |
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Term
| • Culture of Honor studies are only |
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Definition
quasi-experimental
o Ideally you would have:
• True experiments
• Multiple methods |
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Term
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Definition
| o Sent out 2 versions of a letter to companies that were hiring in the north and the south. Either an honor letter or a control letter |
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Term
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Definition
| explain manslaughter- got in a fight with person having a fight (clear honor components) |
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Term
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Definition
| motor vehicle theft felony • What was different was the nature of the crime, first one had honor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Southerns write back to the honor letter with more warmth and higher numbesr |
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Term
| • Two types of experimental methods: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| behavior measured in the real world, but including a manipulation. Participants rarely know they’re in an experiment (the manipulation makes it different than an observational research) |
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Term
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Definition
o pros- real behavior, real situations
o Cons- less control over extraneous factors; measures often limited to observable behaviors; ethical considerations |
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Term
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Definition
| a controlled experiment with complete control over the variables in the study |
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Term
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Definition
o pros- more control over variables than any other method. Ability to use invasive methods. Best method for determining causation.
o Cons- might not generalize to real life; suspicion |
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Term
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Definition
| each subject has equal chance of being in any condition |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental results can generalize to real-life situations bc the experimental set-up resembled a real-life situation |
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Term
| field vs lab studies in validity |
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Definition
• Field studies- high external validity
• Laboratory studies- high internal validity |
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Term
| the thing that is being measured in a study is called the_____ |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of research involves analyzing large datasets that might have been recorded each year for many years- |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
situational circumstances that seem unimportant on the surface but can have great consequences for behavior.
ex: nudge- little things companies can do to influence better behavior |
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