• Written by Boyle, known as his most famous work
• published in 1661
• attacks Aristotelian elemental theory
• attacks primative alchemy theory
• first thought to be a complete attack on Alchemy but turned out Boyle had his own interest and ideas in Alchemy

• Discovered the circulation of the blood in 1616
• Used math to disprove popular ideas about motion of blood
• physiological experiments to demonstrate the
  motion of the blood

• Followed the combination of Alchemy and medicine
• Suppose to describe all workings of the body in
  terms of chemical processes
• Chemical remedies were "manufactured"
• 'Frank Woods' founded Iatrochemical medicine

Thomas Hobbes

• Knows and reads Descartes, but ultimately rejects
• Descartes’ dualism

• Agrees more with Galileo & Gassendi
• University trained but no advanced degree
• enemies by attacking universities in Leviathan
• Responds to English Rev. with extreme anti-spiritualist
  philosophy
•  Criticised Boyles work
  

• Born in Waterford, Ireland
• part of the Invisible College
• Developed Ideas on air
• Sound does'nt travel in a vacuum
• life requires air
• flame requires air
• air is able to compress
• Wrote the Skeptical Chemist
• Helped foun the Royal Society
• Studied Alchemy - sought the 'Philosophers Stone'

Invisible College

• Unofficial gathering of like minded natural philosophers
• eventually becomes the ‘Oxford Experimental Philosophy Clubb’
• John Wilkins was the initial leader
• members included:
• JohnWallis
• SethWard
• ChristopherWren
• Robert Boyle

• First seen in the appendix of New Experiments
  Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air
  and its Effects
• For any stable quantity gas at a constant temperature,
  the volume and pressure are inversely proportional

P₁/V₁ = P₂/V₂

• Boyle helped to found
• Boyle uses the Royal Society to deminish Hobbes ideas
• Ultimate authority for all things natural Philisophical
• Boyle uses this group to further credit his own ideas

• Published in 1686, showed Newtons ideas
• Book 1 - laws of motion and pricipal mechanics
• Book 2 - Fluid Dynamics
• Book 3 - the System of theWorld, sets out universal
  gravitation
• Newton planned on adding his ideas on ancient theories but never did.

Enlightenment / aufklarung

• aufklarung-coined by Immanuel Kant
• began late 17th C. and ended late 18th C.
  
• Born of ideas of Natural Philosophy
• Order in nature is both discoverable and describable
• Highlights the ideas of 'Reason'
• used intellectual faculties alone in developing theoretical concepts, especially in theology
• Use of observation and expermintation was important in proving or disproving theories
• Consisted of many famous/important people
• i.e. Thomas Jefferson, John Locke, Edmund Burke, Adam Smith, Thomas Reid...etc
  

Herman Boerhaave

• Dutch physician
• Created a medical curriculum which instituted ‘chemistry’ as a specific discipline within medicine
• He called it ‘experimental medicine’
• Distributed this idea to thousands of students over the course of 40 years of teaching

• late 18th C.
• but also developed from 16th C.
• Finally allowed Chemistry to be established as its own discipline
• prior to late 18th C. chemistry was always thought as a small part of other disciplines
• van Helmont
• father of pneumatic chemistry
• Plant metabolism, Digestion

• Discovered by Michael Sendivogius, Polish alchemist

• eraly 18th C. to late 18th C.
• Student of Charles Alston
• Questioned the standard belief that evaporation was the process of a liquid ‘dissolving’ in air
• he successfully evaporated liquids in a vacuum
• Questions why liquids after evaporation become cooler

• mid 18thC. to late 18th C.
• Student of William Cullen
• coined term 'latent heat'
• energy stored during a chemical reaction
• Made theorys on why alcohol boils at lower temp than water

• prior to the 17th C. air was almost always treated as a uniform substance
• observations were made by Sendivogius and van Helmont about air in 17th C. but not pursued
• 18th C. when air finaly explored
• Robert Jacques Turgot:
• coined: ‘expansibility’ and ‘vaporization’
• air expands w/o limit
• All substances can be vaporized, and when in a vaporous state also expanded w/o limit
• Distinguished b/w vaporization and evaporation

phlogiston

• First propsed by Johannes Becher 'terra pinguis' in late 17th C.
• Georg Ernst Stahl changed term to phlogiston
• refers to the combustible element in matter
• i.e. wood/paper not stone
• ‘Phlogisticated air’ = combustible air
• Lavoisier created theories:
• Lead + common air -> calx of lead
• Calx of lead + charcoal -> lead + fixed air
• Modern terms:
• 2Pb + O₂ -> 2PbO
• 2PbO + C -> 2Pb + CO₂

• residue left over after thermal decomposition (usually of metals)
• known in 18th C. as combustion w/o Coal
• Calx would be leftover after phlogiston

inflammable air

• first described by Henry Cavendish (1731-1810)
• Combined various metals with sulfuric acid and
  captured the resulting gases
• inflammable air has lower density than regular air
• Noted that when inflammable air was combined with
  dephlogisticated air, some kind of ‘dew’ formed

dephlogisticated air

• discovered by Joseph Priestley by heating mecuricoxide to find the product is better for breathing than 'common air'

• dephlogisticated air = O₂ (pure oxygen)

• thought by Antoine Lavoisier that O₂ is what caused substances to be acidic (NOT TRUE)
• When combined with inflammable air creates water.

Laura Bassi

• 1711-1778
• Professor of Anatomy at Bologna 1731
• Largely credited with introduction of Newton physics in Italy
• Only woman to be included in the Benedictines
• Professor of Experimental Physics 1765

Francesco Redi

• 1626-1697
• Italian Physician
• Known for the 'Meatloaf Experiement' (germ theory)
• his theories didn't catch on because of mechanical philosophy