Term
| What is the #1 reason people seek medical treatment? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 types of pain? |
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Definition
| acute, chronic and cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
| smallest amount of tissue damage that makes person aware of pain |
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Term
| What is another name for cancer pain? |
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Definition
| malignant; has acute and chronic properties |
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Term
| What are the 3 classes of analgesics? |
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Definition
| opioids, NSAIDs, non-opioid miscellaneous |
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Term
|
Definition
| drugs containing addictive ingredients |
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Term
| Who is responsible for enforcing distribution of CS in the US? |
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Definition
| Drug Enforcement Administration |
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Term
| Opioids alter the ___ of pain |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the difference between dependence and addiction? |
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Definition
| dependence is physical, addiction is psychological |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of withdrawal? |
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Definition
| n/v, abdominal cramping, sweating, delirium, seizures |
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Term
| Post op shivering of the elderly is resolved with what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of drugs is responsible for suppressing the inflammatory pathway? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the side effects of NSAIDs? Adverse effects? |
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Definition
| reduced clotting, headache, GI irritation, low blood flow to kidney (slow urine output, high BP and kidney damage); asthma and salicylate poisoning |
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Term
| How much asprin is needed for pain relief? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why must BP be checked after NSAID is given? |
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Definition
| Can cause Na and water retention which causes high BP |
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Term
| Why is asprin avoided in Peds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What medicine is often combined with opioids for pain relief? |
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Definition
| acetaminophen; adjuvant drugs |
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Term
| What is the antidote for an acetaminophen overdose? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the use of antidepressants for pain |
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Definition
| reduce some types of chronic and cancer pain, relief in 1-2 wks, should not be used with cardiac or seizure patients |
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Term
| What types of pain is treated by anticonvulsants? |
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Definition
| neuropathic pain, migraines, chronic and cancer |
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Term
| What class of drug are benzodiazapines? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of inflammation? |
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Definition
| vascular (increase WBC and change in blood vessels), exudate (increase WBC and exudate), tissue repair (rapid cell division) |
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Term
| What are the 3 main categories of anti-inflammatory drugs? |
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Definition
| corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and antihistamines |
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Term
| What are the short term side effects of corticosteroids? |
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Definition
| hypertension, acne, insomnia, nervousness; use should be tapered off, not discontinued immediately |
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Term
| Describe the two groups of NSAIDs |
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Definition
| COX-1 (found in many normal cells) COX-2 found only in inflammatory cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| main mediator of inflammation and capillary leak; cause changes that lead to inflammatory responses |
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Term
| Describe the two types of receptors histamines act on? |
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Definition
H1: in blood vessels and respiratory mucous membranes
H2: in stomach lining |
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Term
| Describe the function of a leukotrine |
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Definition
| maintains inflammatory response |
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Term
| What types of patients should not take antihistamines? |
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Definition
| glaucoma, prostate enlargement, hypertension, urinary retention |
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Term
| Describe the use of leukotrine inhibitors |
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Definition
| reduce swelling to keep open airways; Zyflo prevents leukotrine production in WBC, Accolate blocks leukotrine receptors on cells |
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Term
| What is the most common reason for drug therapy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Bacteria that change color when stained are called ___ |
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Definition
| gram positive; easier to kill |
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Term
| Why do antibiotics cause diarrhea? |
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Definition
| kill normal intestinal flora; kills commensal bacteria |
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Term
| What are the signs of red man syndrome? |
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Definition
| drop in BP, red rash of face, neck, chest back and arms |
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Term
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Definition
| side effect of cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics; ringing in the ear |
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Term
| Photosensitivity is a side effect of what protein synthesis inhibitor? |
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Definition
| macrolides and tetracyclines |
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Term
| What protein synthesis inhibitor is most likely to cause yeast infection? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of food should not be eaten when taking linezolid (protein synthesis inhibitor?) |
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Definition
| foods with tyramine (aged things, pickled things, red wine) |
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Term
| What is a significant side effect for aminoglycoside use in peds? |
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Definition
| severe respiratory depression and kidney damage |
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Term
| What racial groups should be tested for G6PD deficiency (sulfa allergies) before receiving metabolism inhibitor antibiotics? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the classification for a bacteria to be considered a super bug? |
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Definition
| resistant to 3 or > antibiotics |
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Term
| What is the purpose of antiviral therapy? |
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Definition
| suppress virus ability to reproduce and grow |
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Term
| How does the nurse prevent patient kidney damage while on antivirals? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the most common bacterial infection world wide? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| slow growing bacteria spread by air |
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Term
| Who is most at risk for TB? |
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Definition
| Those in constant contact with TB+ ppl, immunodeficient, low SES |
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Term
| What are the 4 1st line TB drugs? |
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Definition
| Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol |
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Term
| How long must TB+ person be on treatment and why? |
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Definition
| 6 months; bacteria is slow growing and takes longer to kill |
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Term
|
Definition
| directly observed therapy |
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|
Term
| What must be avoided while on TB treatment? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reproduces by spores, lives in moist dark places; can be superficial or deep |
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Term
| What is the required fluid intake for those on antifungal meds and why? |
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Definition
| 3L; to prevent poor liver and kidney function |
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Term
| Antifungal meds ketoconazole and voriconazole can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
ID diuretic type:
increase Na excretion; loop diuretics |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID diuretic type:
increase blood flow to kidneys; usually for critical care |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID diuretic type:
primarily used for glaucoma |
|
Definition
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
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Term
| What 2 things do you check before giving a diuretic? |
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Definition
| K levels (hold if low); apical pulse for regularity |
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Term
| What are the most powerful types of diuretic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Loop diuretics should not be given with other ____ drugs |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the side effects of potassium sparing diuretics? |
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Definition
| excretes more Na and water, women may develop hirutism and men issues with erection |
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Term
| K sparing diuretics should not be given with what other drugs? |
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Definition
| K supplements, ACE inhibitors, salt substitutes |
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Term
| Describe normal bladder vs OAB |
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Definition
| detrusor muscles contract before bladder is full instead of when it is full only |
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Term
| What types of drugs should not be combined with HTN drugs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What're the effects of ACE inhibitors on HTN? |
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Definition
| lower BP; slow kidney damage in ppl with diabetes |
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Term
| What is another name for angiotensin 2 receptor antagonists? |
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Definition
| angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs); used when pt is intolerant of ACE inhibitor therapy |
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Term
| Those with what kinds of conditions are given ACE inhibitors? |
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Definition
| heart failure, kidney disease, diabetes; stopped if dry hacking cough manifests |
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Term
|
Definition
| swelling of blood vessels, adverse effect of ACE inhibitors; typically seen in face, lips, throat in blacks |
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Term
| ACE inhibitors increase the levels of what electrolyte? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of beta blockers? |
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Definition
| limit activity of epinephrine, reduce HR and ionotropy, causes heart to require less O2 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| oppose effects of norepi, cause vasodilation and decrease BP; need to measure HR AND BP |
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Term
| Describe central acting adrenergic agents |
|
Definition
| stimulate alpha receptors in brain, dilate peripheral arteries, easing blood flow |
|
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Term
| Describe direct vasodilators |
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Definition
| act directly on smooth muscle of small arteries;cause dilation |
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|
Term
| Describe Ca channel blockers |
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Definition
| slow movement of Ca into cells, relaxes them and increases blood supply to heart, reduces workload |
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Term
|
Definition
| purified protein derivative |
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|
Term
| What drug are you given once you're diagnosed with TB? |
|
Definition
| vcg vaccine; will give false positives on all future TB tests |
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|
Term
| Beta blockers can cover up signs of ____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What weather considerations should patients taking beta blockers have? |
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Definition
| stay out of direct sunlight, dress warm in cold weather (decreased peripheral blood flow) |
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|
Term
| What are the age considerations for beta blockers? |
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Definition
| not researched in children, elderly given lower dose as they are more susceptible to the effects |
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|
Term
| What type of drug should alpha blockers not be given with? |
|
Definition
| those for erectile dysfunction, cause low BP |
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|
Term
| What is the function of alpha blockers? |
|
Definition
| block receptors in smooth muscle and arteries; increase blood flow at lower BP; block effects of nor-epi |
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|
Term
| Describe central acting adrenergic agents |
|
Definition
| stimulate CNS to decrease constriction of blood vessels; used in hard to control HTN |
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|
Term
| Minoxidil is a topical form of ____ which causes _____ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What category of HTN medicine is good across all lifespans? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What category of HTN meds is not typically used for peds, pregnant women or elderly? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stretching of muscle on L ventricle from blood fill |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood pressure in the aorta with contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
| when the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs |
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|
Term
| What are 3 results of R heart failure? |
|
Definition
| JVD, peripheral edema, and hepatomegaly |
|
|
Term
| What two sounds are a sign of pulmonary congestion? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the catecholamines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the effect of hypoxia in someone with HF |
|
Definition
| stimulates catecholamines that make heart work harder, activates angio 2 (powerful vasoconstrictor); leads to hypertrophy |
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|
Term
| What types of drugs can be used to treat heart failure? |
|
Definition
| antihypertensive, vasodilators, anticoag., antidysrhythmic |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal side effect of vasodilators? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe cardiac glycosides and give an example |
|
Definition
| slow HR and strengthen heart beat, DO NOT take with grapefruit juice; digoxin |
|
|
Term
| What is an important uncommon side effect of cardiac glycosides? |
|
Definition
| blurred vision and yellow halos or light around objects |
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|
Term
| What do you check before giving digoxin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe human b type natriuretic peptides |
|
Definition
| get rid of extra salt and water to lower bp, may cause apnea |
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|
Term
| What electrolyte should never be given as an IV push? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| black tarry stools are characteristic of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use RNA as its genetic material, allow high efficiency cellular infection (cause disease with low numbers of virus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main type of cell infected and destroyed by HIV? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 classes of antiretroviral drugs? |
|
Definition
| NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, fusion in hibitors, entry inhibitors, integrase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of NRTIs? |
|
Definition
| inhibit reverse transcriptase and viral DNA synthesis, slowing production |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of PIs? |
|
Definition
| prevent viral replication and release of viral particles; some contain sulfa |
|
|
Term
| What antibiotic is more likely to cause an allergic reaction? |
|
Definition
| cell wall synthesis inhibitors (vanc., penicillin) |
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