Term
| What types of mutations occur in the cancer cell? |
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Definition
| signal from cell surface receptor is in on position; mutation in ras intracellular signaling protein; activation of protein kinases; inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (p53) |
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Term
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Definition
| causes cell growth and differentiation; mutation can cause inappropriate transmission signals inside a cell |
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Term
| What allows cancer cells to divide indefinitely? |
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Definition
| telomerase gene is turned on producing an enzyme that rebuilds telomeres so instead of division stopping when the telomeres are gone it can continue |
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Term
| What is the benefit of the G0 phrase? |
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Definition
| helps us understand cancer treatment protocols with rounds of treatment |
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Term
| How are cancer cells able to migrate to other areas of the body? |
|
Definition
| Low levels of fibronectin |
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Term
|
Definition
| ability to create a blood supply |
|
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Term
| What substance do bacteria use to get their nutrition? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the result of cancer cells that produce plasminogen activating factor? |
|
Definition
| production of fibrin that degrades extracellular tissue during tumor invasion |
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Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
epithelial tissue |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
CT |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
glandular |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
CNS tissue |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
lymphatic tissue |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer type from the affected area:
bone marrow |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the aspects of the TNM system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
cancer is confined to organ of origin |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
locally invasive |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
regional structures |
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Definition
|
|
Term
ID cancer stage:
distant sites |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two theories regarding carcinogenesis? |
|
Definition
| monoclonal (single mutated cell is great grandfather of tumor); cell accidents (several cell accidents occur resulting in tumor development) |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemical found in an organism that is not expected to be there; |
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Term
| Describe the tumor immune surveillance theory of carcinogenesis |
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Definition
| the immune system can recognize tumor cells and kill them |
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Term
| What are the two important steps of metastasis? |
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Definition
| penetration into lyphatics, blood vessels or body cavities; transport into lymph or blood |
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Term
| What are the 4 common sites of distant mesastasis? |
|
Definition
| lungs, liver, bones and brain |
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Term
| Pain is more likely to occur in what kind of stages of cancer? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most severe form of malnutrition related to cancer? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| present in 80% of cancer patients at death; results in wasting/emaciation; anorexia-cachexia is common cause of cancer death; early satiety |
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|
Term
| Describe tumor necrosis factor |
|
Definition
| Cachectin; natural production is protective, defense against infection, destruction of malignant cells |
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Term
| What is the result of unregulated production of cachectin? |
|
Definition
| wasting, cachexia inflammatory/autoimmune disease; septic shock |
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Term
| What is an important risk factor regarding cancer related infection? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe paraneoplastic syndromes |
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Definition
| symptom complexes that can't be explained by local or distant spread of the tumor |
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Term
| What are examples of paraneoplastic syndromes? |
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Definition
| endocrinopathies (cushing syndrome, polycythemia), dermatologic disorders, nephrotic syndrome |
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Term
| What is often used to treat praneoplastic syndrome? |
|
Definition
| anti-gout meds (allopinurinal)-an antiurecemic |
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|
Term
| What are two possible results of cortisol secretion? |
|
Definition
| hyperglycemia and repressed immune function |
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Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
independence from normal cellular controls |
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Definition
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|
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
loss of differentiation and development of specialized functions |
|
Definition
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|
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
process by which normal cells become cancerous |
|
Definition
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|
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
division in an uncoordinated fashion, invading and destroying neighboring tissue |
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Definition
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|
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
local increase in cellular number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ID characteristic of malignant cells:
variation of cell shape and size |
|
Definition
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