Term
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Definition
- Tonic - intense muscle stiffining
- Clonic - rhytymic jerking of muscles
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Term
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Definition
| A prodroma is an early manifestation of a seizure that can occur hours or days before the seizure |
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Term
What are the types of Focal (partial) Seizures?
Describe them. |
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Definition
- Simple - without LOC, usually motor involvement limited to one area, clinic in nature
- Complex - with LOC, may be amnesic to the event, usually involves the temporal and frontal lobes (automatisms - lip smacking, swallowing, fumbling, scratching, walking around)
- Secondarily generalized - partial onset that progresses to generalized tonic clonic and usually has a LOC
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Term
What are the type of generalized seizures?
Decribe them. |
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Definition
- Myoclonic Seizure - sudden brief (<1sec) shock like jerks of the muscles
- Tonic-Clonic (Grand Mal) Seizure - alternating stiffining and jerking of the muscles, with LOC
- Atonic Seizirues (Drop Attack) - sudden loss of body tone and posture, may involve LOC
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Term
| What is the treatment for Absence (Petit-Mal) Seizures |
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Definition
Ethosuximide
(Calcium Channel Blocker)
Valporic Acid (Depakote/Depakene)
(Potentiates GABA, inhibits glutamine, blocks NA/CA channels, enhances K channels) (BBW for pancreatitis and hepatotoxicity) |
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Term
| What is thetreatment of Tonic-Clonic (Grand-Mal) Seizures |
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Definition
Valporic Acid (Depakote/Depakene)
(Potentites GABA, inhibits glutamine, blocks NA/CA channels and enhances K channels) (BBW for hepatotoxicity and pancreatitis) (competes for binding with other AEDs)
Lamotirgine (Lamictil)
(Glutamine acid antagonist and blocks NA/CA channels)
Levetiracetam (Keppra) |
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Term
Status
Definition
Treatment |
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Definition
Status = when patient does not return to baseline in between seizures
Treatment = Benzos and Barbituates (Ativan, Valium, Phenobarbitol, Phenytoin) |
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Term
Patho of Seizures
- Occurs in neuros that have and sudden changes in making them more easily stimulated and permeable
- As neuros are activated, Clonic phase is noted
- Associated with decreased and increased |
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Definition
- Occurs in neuros that have Paroxymal Depolarization Shifts and sudden changes in membrane potential making them more easily stimulated and permeable
- As inhibitory neuros are acticated, Clonic phase is noted
- Associated with decreased GABA and increased GLUTAMINE
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Term
Phenobarbital
- Class
- MOA
- Considerations |
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Definition
Phenobarital
- Barbituate
- MOA:
Potentiates GABA
Inhibits glutamine
Blocks NA channels
Stimulates chloride channels
- Considerations: not 1st line, only used when benzos don't work becuase it causes sedation that usually requires intubation |
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Term
| What is primidone's MOA and what does it treat? |
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Definition
- Metabolized to phenomarbital and acts like phenotoyn
- Treats essential tremors
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Term
Phenytoin (Dilaton)
Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx)
- MOA
- Given IV in _____ to treat __________
- Highly _______ so watch when taken with ______
- Doses for status and maintance
- Major side effects include:
- Normal serum lab values:
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Definition
- MOA - NA channel blocker
- Given IV in NS to treat all seizures except absence
- Highly protein bound so watch with warfarin
- Doses: Status = 15-20mg/kg (max dose 50mg/kg) & Maintance (100mg po TID/QID)
- SE: Hypotension (IV), GUM HYPERPLASIA, CYP450 inducer, SJS (asians)
- Normal serum lab value = 10-20mcg/mL
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Term
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
MOA
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Definition
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Term
Oxycarbazepine (Trileptal)
MOA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- MOA - CA channel blocker
- TX - ABSENCE seizures
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Term
Lamotigine (Lamictal)
MOA
TX |
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Definition
- MOA: - Glutamic acid antagonist
- NA & CA channel blocker
- TX: - Tonic Clonic seizures |
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Term
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Definition
- Blocks glutamate NMDA receptors and may potentiate GABA
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Term
Valporic Acid/Valporate (Depakene/Depakote)
MOA
BBW
Consideration |
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Definition
Valporic Acid/Valporate (Depakene/Depakote)
- MOA: Potentiates GABA
Inhibits glutamine
Has some Sodium/Calcium channel blocking effects
Enhances Potassium channels
- BBW: hepatoxicity and pancreastitis
- Consideration: competes with binding of many other antieplieptics and increases levels of phenytoin and decreased levels of tegretol |
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Term
Gabapentin (Neurotin)
MOA
Considerations |
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Definition
Gabapentin (Neurotin)
MOA - Potentiates GABA
Blocks CA channel
Considerations - Can worsen myoclonic seizures and cause sedation |
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Term
Tiagabine (Gabitril)
MOA
TX |
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Definition
Tiagabine (Gabitril)
MOA: Potentiates GABA
Inhibits re-uptake
TX: Partial Seizures |
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Term
Topiramate (Topamax)
MOA
TX
Considerations |
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Definition
Topiramate (Topamax)
MOA: Glutamic acid antagonist
Blocks NA channels
Potentiates GABA
TX: Partial and Generalized seizures
Considerations: Causes decreased attention span |
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Term
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Definition
Benzos
MOA: Potentiates GABA
Stimulates chloride channels
TX: Myoclonic Seiures |
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