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Breakdwn of complex molecules Produces energy= ATP |
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can be both catabolic and anabolic. |
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series of sequential reactions coupled together so that the favorable rxns drive the unfavorable forward. |
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Biocatalysts are- - activation energy some req- |
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Protein or RNA (ribozyme such as viroids) Lower activation energy cofactors |
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linear pathway and example |
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point A to point B, no diversions, one way street. Start substrates, intermediates, and then final product. Stage 2 of glycolisis is a linear pathway everything goes forward. |
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branched pathway- and example- |
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glycosis stage 1. Glycolysis as a whole is a branched pathway. EX: clostridium perfringens fermentation, mixotricha paradoxa. Different directions a single pathway can go |
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cyclic pathway- and example |
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TCA cycle. Shared intermediate between first rxn and last rxn. Knocking out the critical intermediate would turn this into a linear pathway |
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Energy not “reducing power” |
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Substrate or product |
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Electron carriers (reducing power) |
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oxidized NAD+/ reduced NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) Substrate or product (not recycled by enzymes nadp fad |
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why is Mg a macronutrient? |
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it is always bound to ATP or ADP |
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3 types of phosporylation mechanisms |
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What are the 3 mechanisms for making ATP as a product? |
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1. substrate level phosphorylation 2. Oxidative phosphorylation 3. Photophosphorylation |
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Substrate level phosphorylation is any -- has --+-- in a metabolic pathway step Is it catalyzed by ATP synthase? |
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any catabolism Adp +PO4 -3 in metabolic pathway step NOT catalyzed by ATP synthase |
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Example of substrate level phosphorylation |
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phospoenolpyruvate (PEP) + ADP <-> pyruvate +ATP (pyruvate kniase) |
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oxidative phosphorylation is --troph= -- |
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photophosphorylation -- trophs |
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Oxidative phosphorylation and and photophosphorylation |
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ach use different ETC/ETS Both catalyzed by ATP synthase |
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: 3 mechanisms –atp is a substrate |
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Definition
TP used to phosphorylate an organic molecule ATP Hydrolysis releasing phosphate (reverse rxn of ATP synthase) ATP Hydrolysis releasing pyrophosphate (irreversible) |
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ATP used to phosphorylate an organic molecule |
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ATP + glucose ↔ ADP + glucose-6-phosphate(hexokinase) |
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ATP Hydrolysis releasing phosphate (reverse rxn of ATP synthase) |
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ATP + H2O ↔ ADP + Pi (PO4-3) + 2H+ |
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ATP Hydrolysis releasing pyrophosphate (irreversible) rxn- used for- why irreversible? |
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ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi (P2O7-4) + 2H+ DNA biosynthesis, antibiotic biosynthesis Irreversible bc no enzymes that do AMP-> ATP. Forces a set of rxns to go forward. |
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Terminal electron acceptors are |
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reduced and exit the cell |
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Respiring organisms (aerobic and/or anaerobic) use which phosphorylation? ETC? NAD? FADH2? if used, for waht? Whats recycled? |
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Substrate-level phosphorylation ETC/ETS uses NADH/FADH2 for oxidative phosphorylation Recycle electron carriers (NAD+, FAD) |
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fermenters use only -- phosphorylation general rxn- ETC? Needs? |
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Pyruvate (fermentation-> organic cmpds and/or CO2) ONLY substrate-level phosphorylation No ETC/ETS Need to regenerate oxidized NAD+ |
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