Term
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Definition
o Not nec. Life or death (selection is life or death)
• Captilazes on enzymatic/metabolic |
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Term
| ex aof differential media |
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Definition
| Blood agar (which is complex media) ( |
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Term
| MacConkey Agar o Complex or defined? |
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Definition
| • Animal tissue makes this complex. Casein, pancreatic digest of gelatin make it complex too. |
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Term
| is agar a nutrient? Difined media must have: |
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Definition
| • Agar is not a nutr (doesn’t say anything for complex/defined) only solidifies. Defined doesn’t just mean numbers, it has to have repeatable chem formulas. |
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Term
| o MacConkey agar selects for G-; G+ die via |
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Definition
• Dye (crystal violent inhibits G+, penetrates easily)
• Bile salts inhibit G+ (thick pepto layer makes these hard to get out of G+) Hydrophobic (FA) double membrane of G- protects from these “detergents” that destroy the single membrane of G+ |
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Term
| MacConkey Agar differentiates via: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(no energy)
• Along a concentration gradiet (from high to low)
o Small unchanged molecules (eg. O2, CO2)
o Generally NOT polar molecules (sugars)
• Exception is water! =Osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
• “Permeant” weak acids and bases
o cross membrane uncharged, accompanied by counterion (eg H+ Na+ K+) |
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Term
| two ex of osmoss of acid/base |
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Definition
• ex: acetate (CH3COO-)/acetic acid can travel across membrane in uncharged state with counter ion (usually H+) acetic acid will cross membrane
• Ex: antibiotics can also travel across unchraged as a salt |
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Term
passive diffusion/ transport
ex |
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Definition
no energy
• Follows concentration gradients
• Porins (G-, outside cell membrane) protein transporter that help molecules cross
• EX: Glycerol (where have we seen this and what forms?)
o Can enter exit depending on concentration |
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Term
| o Nutrient uptake/membrane transport usually requires |
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Definition
| (movement against concentration gradient |
|
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Term
| • ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter proteins |
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Definition
| o Binds molecule of ATP, hydrolysed to ADP to release energy, and transporter protein can bring in a molecule (sugars, aa, nucleic acids, fats) |
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Term
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Definition
o Fe +3 outside-> reduced to Fe+2 inside
o Microbes spend energy so they can go outside of cell and grab Fe +3 to reduce to Fe +2 |
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Term
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Definition
o Substrate modified during transport
o |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| nutr req classified based on what three things? |
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Definition
| sources of energy, carbon, and electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| o phototrophs vs chemotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| o autotrophs vs heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| o Lithotrophs vs or organotrophs |
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Term
• Autotrophs are the --.
They do: -- which is -- |
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Definition
producers
o Carbon Fixation: carbon fixed into organic compounds for biomass
o EX: Anabaena spiroides (cyanobacteria) |
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Term
heterotrophs are the --.
they -- |
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Definition
consumers
Source: organic compounds
o Consume organic cmpds , biomass and wastes (Co2)
o EX: PATHOGENS |
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Term
why electrons needed?
donor?
acceptor? |
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Definition
• Electrons are needed to run Metabolic redox chem
o Electron donor: reductant that is oxidized
o Electron acceptor: oxidant that is reduced |
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Term
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Definition
o Source/electron donor: inorganics (water)
(ex Anabaena spiroides) |
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Term
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Definition
(Salmonella typhimurium)
o Source/electron donor: orgnaics (food) |
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Term
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Definition
vegetative growth, doubling
• How microbes usually multiply
• Cells are the same (daugher cells identical) |
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Term
in binary fission division patterns determin-
randonm cluster ex-
parallel diplo cocci ex- |
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Definition
arrangement
• Random: clusters (Staphylococcus)
• Parallel: diplococci, chains (Neisseria (diplococci), Streptococcus (dipp), Anabaena (chain)) |
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Term
| generation doubling time eqn |
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Definition
Nt=No * 2^n
• Nt= # at time t
• No = # at time 0
• n= # of doublings |
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Term
| How long to double: salmonella typhimurium |
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Definition
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Term
| How long to double Escherichia coli: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How long to double Neisseria gonorrheae |
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Definition
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Term
| How long to double: treponema pallidum |
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Definition
33hr cannont be cultured
Will not be found in LB |
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Term
| detecting growth in liquid media |
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Definition
| measure turbidity (cloudy caused by bacterial particles) with a spectrophotometer |
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Term
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Definition
| • Absorbance/od (optical density), compare control image to cloudy image. |
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Term
|
Definition
| o Closed: cell culture at some point nutrients run out and wastes build up |
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Term
|
Definition
| Log phase: binary fission equation is most important- no stress |
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Term
|
Definition
(OD600 undetectable)
• Lack of and/or slow cell division
• Biosynthesis/repair |
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Term
| Early log (exponential phase) |
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Definition
(OD 600<.05)
• Constant growth rate, nothing really dies
• Primary metabolites
• Wastes and substances needed for growth (ex: vitamins)
o Making cofactors= primary metabolites
o CO2 and ammonium = wastes, later will build up and cause problems (but not this stage) |
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Term
|
Definition
(OD 600 .5-5+) 5*10^8 colony forming units per mL
• More death
• Start Sporulation (if they can)
o Conditions get tougher
• Secondary metabolites form in late log phase
o Ex: antibiotics (produced at natural products, feel stress want to kill competion), quorum signals=communication (small AA derived molecules at high concentration allows comm with other bacteria about stress) |
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Term
|
Definition
(OD600 -5-10)
• Growth and death rates are equal
• Limiting nutrients, waste accumulation
• Secondary metabolites |
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Term
|
Definition
OD decreases)
• Death rate surpasses growth
• Some survival due to evolution
o Antibiotic resistance |
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Term
| blood agar allows which microbes to live |
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Definition
| allows Streptococcus, staphyloccus to survive and differentiate) |
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Term
| blood agar works based on |
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Definition
| Based on enzyme Hemolysin destroys red blood cells |
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Term
| blood agar alpha hemolysis you will see: |
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Definition
| Alpha Hemolysis: see green colonies bc partial lyse, Fe is oxidizing (turns green) |
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Term
| blood agar beta hemolysis you will see: |
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Definition
| clear, all blood taken up and cells had fully efficiently lysed |
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Term
| Usefullness of blood agar as a differential media: |
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Definition
| This is useful b/c: Fe is a micronutrient for every microbe for ETC |
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Term
| Mackonkey agar red colonies represent the -- example of microbe that would be red and why it works |
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Definition
Red colonies: fermenters
(E.coli- can use lactose as a source of energy, this forms acid, change in pH, produces a change in color bc of phenol red) |
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Term
Maconkey agar is colorless represents:
ex of microbe that would be colorless and why |
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Definition
| o Colorless: non-fermenters (Salmonella- can’t ferment lactose, doesn’t do anything with it, still survives on other nutr in agar) |
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Term
| OD at 600nm= how many colonies? |
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Definition
o About 10^8 colony forming units (CFU)/ml
• |
|
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Term
| spectrophotometer req: -- OD600= --? which is -- |
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Definition
| Limitation: req >10^7 CFU (OD600= .1) which is a lot of microbes |
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Term
| group translocation ex system and how it works |
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Definition
Ex: phospotransferase system
• Complex membrane bound protein that binds glucose reacts it with PEP, forms glucose-6-phosphate and pyruvic acid |
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Term
| Order of growth curve phases: |
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Definition
1. Lag
2. Log (early and late)
3. Stationary
4. Death |
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