The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are        

A) genes.

B) chromosomes.

C) ribosomes.

D) RNA.

E) codons.

Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be

A) edited to remove introns.

B) edited to remove exons, and transported into the cytoplasm.

C) edited to remove introns, and transported into the cytoplasm.

D) edited to remove exons.

E) transported into the cytoplasm

Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into           

A) homotonic solution.

B) isotonic solution.

C) leukotonic solution.

D) hypertonic solution.

E) hypotonic solution.

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant?     

A) desmosomes

B) tight junctions

C) hemidesmosomes

D) gap junctions

E) basolateral junctions

Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion.         

A) mucous       B) merocrine   C) holocrine    D) apocrine     E) serous

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous 

A) perichondrium.

B) matrix.

C) periosteum.

D) pericanaliculum.

E) perilacunum.

Adhesions of abdominopelvic organs occur when      

A) synovial membranes are damaged.

B) nerve cells are damaged.

C) muscle is damaged.

D) serous membranes are damaged.

E) any of the above

The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the ________ layer.     

A) hypodermal

B) papillary

C) reticular

D) subcutaneous

E) epidermal

All molecular recognition events are based on four simple physical properties of molecules.  Which of these properties determines whether proteins are localized in the cytosol rather than being trans-membrane proteins?  

A) size

B) shape

C) charge

D) hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity

E) All of the above:  Each of the above properties contributes equally to the localization of proteins within cells.

If the ducts of merocrine glands in your skin become blocked with a cast, rupture of _________ allows seepage of the gland’s product into surrounding tissue, causing a mild, itchy skin rash known as ____________?

A) desmosomes; acne a.k.a zits

B) hemidesmosomes; acne a.k.a zits

C) desmosomes; heat rash a.k.a. miliaria

D) gap junctions; heat rash a.k.a. miliaria

E) hemidesmosomes; nasty pox rubra

At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by           

A) tropomyosin molecules.

B) myosin molecules.

C) ATP molecules.

D) calcium ions.

E) troponin molecules.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of articular cartilage?           

A) There is no perichondrium.

B) It is composed of hyaline cartilage.

C) The matrix contains more water than other cartilages.

D) It secretes synovial fluid.

E) Surfaces are normally slick and smooth.

When calcium ion binds to troponin,  

A) muscle relaxation occurs.

B) active sites on the myosin are exposed.

C) tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.

D) myosin shortens.

E) actin heads will bind to myosin.

During the Cori cycle, in the liver       

A) lactate is produced from glucose.

B) lactate is shuffled to muscle cells.

C) lactate is produced from pyruvic acid.

D) glucose is released from glycogen.

E) glucose is produced from lactate.

The most significant skull growth occurs before the age of    

A) 2.    B) 4.    C) 3.    D) 1.    E) 5.

The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments.       

A) popliteal

B) cruciate

C) fibular collateral

D) patellar

E) tibial collateral

The action potential is conducted [deep] into a skeletal muscle fiber by         

A) motor end plates.

B) sarcoplasmic reticulum.

C) neuromuscular junctions.

D) transverse tubules.

E) triads.

Which primary vertebral ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae?

A) ligamentum flavum

B) posterior longitudinal ligament.

C) interspinus ligament

D) supraspinous ligament

E) anterior longitudinal ligament

The gradual changes in the superficial appearance of the skin provide visual cues that we use to unconsciously estimate a person’s age.  The most causative of these changes—the one that most likely contributes to development of the other changes is:

A) thinning of the epidermis.

B) diminished immune response.

C) slower skin repair.

D) reduced blood supply.

E) a drier epidermis with decreased perspiration and an altered hair and fat distribution

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

A) carpal bones

B) femur

C) both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

D) clavicle

E) roof of the skull

Which of the following muscles inserts on the iliotibial tract (I.T. band)?      

A) gluteus maximus

B) pectineus

C) tensor fasciae latae

D) A & C

E) B & C

Muscles with fibers that run at an angle (other than 90º) to the long axis of the body are called        

A) transversus.

B) medialis.

C) oblique.

D) rectus.

E) lateralis.

________ are the most numerous type of neurons in the CNS.        

A) Motor neurons

B) Sensory neurons

C) Unipolar neurons

D) Interneurons

E) Bipolar neurons

The glial cells in the central nervous system that form scar tissue after Central Nervous System injury are the         

A) microglia.

B) ependymal cells.

C) astrocytes.

D) oligodendrocytes.

E) satellite cells.

The blood-brain barrier of the CNS is formed by extensions of cells that      

A) completely envelope the surface of capillaries.

B) completely envelope the surface of neurons.

C) envelope portions of axons, thereby increasing conduction speed.

D) all of the above

E) B & C

26) Any stimulus that opens ________ ion channel will produce a graded potential. 

A) a voltage-gated

B) a chemically gated

C) a sodium

D) a mechanically gated

E) any of the above

Graded potentials       

A) produce an effect that spreads actively across the membrane surface without diminishing.

B) produce an effect that increases with distance from the point of stimulation.

C) may be either a depolarization or a hyperpolarization.

D) are often all-or-none.

E) always cause repolarization.

[image]

Which point of the graph shows when the electrical effect of potassium ion outflow exceeds that of sodium ion inflow?

A) 1     B) 2     C) 3     D) 4

The site in the neuron where EPSP and IPSP integration occurs is the          

A) axon.

B) dendritic membrane.

C) electrical synapse.

D) synaptic knob.

E) axon hillock.

[image]

Identify the structure labeled "2."       

A) ventral root

B) dorsal ramus

C) spinal nerve

D) ventral ramus

E) white ramus