Term
| Respiratory tract infections can be classified on the basis of what? |
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Definition
| Anatomical position (upper, middle, and lower) |
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Term
| What causative agents can cause upper respiratory tract infections? |
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Definition
| Rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsilitis, peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abcesses |
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Term
| What are some clinical features of Rhinitis? |
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Definition
| Fever, inflammatory edema of nasal mucos, increaed mucus, nasal obstruction |
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Term
| What are some clinical features of pharyngitis and tonsilitis? |
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Definition
| Sore throat, red/swollen pharynx, exudates and petechial hemorhagic spots, vesicles and ulcers, pseudomembranes, enlarged/tender cervical lymph nodes |
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Term
| What are the clinical features of stomatitis (inflammation of oral cavity) |
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Definition
| Multiple ulcers on oral mucosa extending to tongue lipes and face, oral thrus in candidiasis |
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Term
| What are the clinical features of aphthous stomatitis? |
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Definition
| Single or multiple painful ulcers with irregular margin in the oral cavity, often confused with herpes, recurs in relation to stress |
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Term
| What are the clinical features of Noma or Cancrum oris? |
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Definition
| Severe gangrenous stomatitis progressing beyond the mucus membrane to involve soft tissue, skin, and sometimes bone, seen in patients with poor oral hygiene and malnurished children |
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Term
| What are the clinical features of peritonsillar and retrotonsillar abscesses? |
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Definition
| Local pain, fever, tonsillar asymmetry, commin in children above 5 and adults, arises as a complication of tonsillitis |
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Term
| What are the clinical features of retropharyngeal or lateral pharyngeal abscesses? |
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Definition
| Occurs in children under 5, arises as a complication of pharyngitis or accidental perforation of the pharyngeal wall, pain, difficulty swallowing, change in phonation, extended neck, anterior bulging of pharyngeal wall, x-ray shows widening of space between cervical spine and posterior pharyngeal wall |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings for epiglottitis (middle respiratory tract)? |
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Definition
| Through and neck pain, fever, inspiratory stridor, muffled phonation, difficulty swallowing, acute airway obstruction may cause death |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings for laryngitis and croup(middle respiratory tract)? |
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Definition
| Localized to subglottic laryngeal structures including vocal cords, may sometimes extend to trachea and bronchus, fever, inspirator stridor, hoarse phonation, harsh cough, chest pain, aphonia |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings for chronic bronchitis (middle respiratory tract)? |
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Definition
| Long standing damage to the bronchial epithelium due to chronic smoking, chronic infection, or chronic lung disease, patients lack functional integrity, susceptible to infections, recurrent infections |
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Term
| How do you diagnostically test for epiglottitis? |
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Definition
| Bacterial, isolate organism from nasopharynx or pharynx in blood culture |
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Term
| How is laryngotracheitis or laryngotracheobronhitis diagnostically approached? |
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Definition
| Bacterial infection is rare but demands immediate attention, gram-staining and culture of sputum or of specimens obtained by direct laryngoscopy, blood culture |
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Term
| What are the diagnostic characteristics of acute bronchitis? |
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Definition
| B. pertusis is major bacteriologic consideration, specimens should be plated on appropriate media, gram staining and direct flourescent antibody techniques |
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Term
| What is the general cause of lower respiratory tract infection? |
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Definition
| Develops with invasion and disease of the lung, including the alveolar spaces, and their supporting structures, the interstitium, and the terminal bronchioles, may result from extension of MRTI, aspiration of pathogens, and hematogenous spread from a distant site such as an abscess or infected heart valve |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of acute pneumonia (lower respiratory tract infection)? |
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Definition
| Malaise, fever, chill, cough, production of purulent sputum, dyspnea, rapid breathing, cyanosis, chest pain |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of pleural effusion (lower respiratory tract infection)? |
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Definition
| Refers to transudation of fluid into the pleural space in response to an inflammatory process in adjacent lung parencyma, may result from infectious and non-infectious causes |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of empyema (lower respiratory tract infection)? |
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Definition
| Refers to a purulent infection of the pleural space that develops by contiguous spread from an infected lung through a bronchopleural fistula or by extension of abdominal infection through the diaphragm |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of lung abscesses (lower respiratory tract infection)? |
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Definition
| Usually arises as a complication of acute or chronic pneumonia, symptoms include fever, cough, and foul smelling sputum |
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Term
| Establishment of etiological diagnosis of LRTI depends on what? |
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Definition
| Number of organisms produced in respiratory secretions, whether the causative species is normally found in oropharyngeal flora, and how easily it is grown on culture media |
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Term
| Why is sputum commonly examined for causative agents of LRTIs? |
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Definition
| Easy and non invasive, though contamination of the specimen with oropharyngeal flora is a risk, shows an abundance of inflammatory cells and no squamous epithelial cells |
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Term
| What is the cornerstone of diagnosis of respiratory tract infections? |
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Definition
| Culture of the appropriately collected specimen, radiology helps to confirm diagnosis |
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Term
| Patchy infiltrates related to multiple foci centering on small bronchi in images suggests what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Uniform consolidation of one or more lobes in images suggests what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diffuse interstitial pattern in images suggests what? |
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Definition
| Viral pneumonia or PCP in immunocompromised hosts |
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Term
| Surgical measures are often needed as adjuncts to antimicrobial therapy in what? |
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Definition
| Chronic pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema |
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