Term
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Definition
V: Flaviviridae family
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"Breakbone fever"
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Spread by Aedes aegypti which thrive in urban areas
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4 serotypes: infection with first, severe headache and fever, infection with second, may lead to DHF (Dengue Hemorrhagic fever)
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No vaccine, must focus on environmental controls - limit standing water in tires, flower pots, culverts, etc.
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Term
Japanese encephalitis (JE)
Mosquito-borne |
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Definition
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Term
West Nile Virus
Mosquito-borne |
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Definition
V: Flaviviridae family
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Culex
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Nile river basin (Egypt and Sudan)
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Hosts are usually birds or mammals; humans are incidental hosts
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Outbreak in US in 1999
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Usually asymptomatic; about 1 in 150 people develop nervous system symptoms
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Term
Yellow fever
Mosquito-borne |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
P: Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae,
P. ovale, P. vivax
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falciparum is the most serious; 90% of all cases in Africa, 50% of all cases in Latin America and Asia
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spread by female Anopheles, breed near standing water
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350-500 million cases worldwide each year; >1 million deaths, mostly children
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Term
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Definition
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Cerebral malaria: brain inflammation, coma, convulsions -> permanent brain damage
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Pregnancy increases vulnerability -> severe anemia -> birth complications
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Most cases during growing season, leads to long-term food insecurity
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Term
Malaria - treatment and prevention |
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Definition
Treatment
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Chloroquine, Sulfadoxone-pyrimethamine (SP, Fansidar), Mefloquine (Lariam), Artemisinin derivatives
Prevention
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Mosquito nets, long clothing, insect repellants
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Mosquito control: indoor residual spraying (IRS) of DDT: insecticides on bednets (ITN)
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Prophylaxis with drugs should not be widely used because of drug resistance
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Term
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Definition
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Expansion into new geographic areas
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Drug resistance -> need for "combo" drug therapies
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People most at risk can't afford protection (nets, screens, bug spray, prophylactic drugs, insecticides)
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