Term
| Types of Learning & Memory |
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Definition
1. conditioning
-classic & operant
2. spatial
-working &reference
3. declarative (explicit)
-semantic & episodic
4. procedural |
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Term
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Definition
-bilateral medial temporal lobectomy (hippocampus, amygdala, adjacent cortex)
-no STM
-total anterograde amnesia, mild retrograde amnesia, global amnesia
-procedural memory intact
-explicit (declarative) memory GONE |
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Term
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Definition
| =amnesia for information presented in all sensory modalities |
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Term
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Definition
-Medial temporal lobe amnesia
-caused by cerebral ischemia during surgery |
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Term
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Definition
-SPATIAL memory
-location of place cells
ex. morris water maze
ex2. radial arm maze
ex3. food caching birds have larger hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
| =memory needed to complete the task on which the subject is currently working |
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Term
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Definition
=memory of general principles & skills required to perform a task
-RULES |
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Term
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Definition
OBJECT RECOGNITION memory
ex. delayed non-matching to sample test with monkeys
ex2. MUMBY box |
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Term
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Definition
-SENSORY MOTOR memories
ex. eye blink reflex |
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Term
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Definition
-RESPONSE learning
ex. T-maze |
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Term
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Definition
| =memory for experiences with EMOTIONAL significance |
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Term
| prefrontal cortex & memory |
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Definition
=EPISODIC MEMORY
-temporal order of events
-deficits in working memory
ex. can't cook |
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Term
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Definition
1. Circadian Rhythm (24 hrs)
2. Ultradian Rhythm (<24 hrs, 1-12 hrs)
3. Infradian Rhythm (>24 hrs & <1 yr)
4. Circannual Rhythm (about 1 yr) |
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Term
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Definition
=time giver
ex. light-dark cycle, sun, etc |
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Term
| Most humans have a natural BR of ___ hrs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-biological clock, SCN (suprachlasmatic nucleus)
-entrained by zeitgeber |
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Term
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Definition
| =still display activity but NO RHYTHM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| RHT (and previous tracts) & SCN intact |
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Term
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Definition
| optic nerve & optic tract |
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Term
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Definition
1. beta (awake, sm amplitude)
2. alpha (awake but resting, larger amp)
3. delta (sleeping, largest amp) |
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Term
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Definition
anterior hypothalamus (promote sleep)
posterior hypothalamus (promote wakefulness) |
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Term
| Neural control of arousal & wakefulness |
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Definition
reticular formation
reticular activating system (RAS) |
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Term
| Neural control of REM sleep |
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Definition
| caudal reticular formation |
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Term
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Definition
1. termination insomnia
2. onset insomnia
3. maintenance insomnia |
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Term
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Definition
in narcolepsy
=loss of muscle activity or tone while awake & conscious
-most common |
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Term
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Definition
in narc
=inability to move when waking up or falling asleep |
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Term
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Definition
1. steroid hormones
2. peptide hormones
3. amino acid derivatives |
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Term
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Definition
-strings of aa
-bind to membrane-bound receptors bc they cant make it into cell on their own)
-cAMP (2nd messenger) activates enzymes in cytoplasm that cause alteration
-top endocrine glands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-moves into NUCLEUS
-cholesterol based, 4 ring structure
1. androgens (=male like)
-made in gonads
ex. testosterone (t), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (via reductase)
2. estrogens
-made in gonads/ovaries
ex. Estrodiol (E2)
3. Progestins
-made in ovaries, acts on uterus
ex. progesterone (P)
4. Glucocorticoids
-made in adrenal cortex
ex. cortisol (humans) & corticosterone (rats) |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
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Definition
-made in HYPOTHALAMUS
-extension of axons from PVN & SON
-PEPTIDES
1. oxytocin
2. vassopressin aka ADH |
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Term
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Definition
Post. Pit. Hormone
made in hypothalamus
associated with love/trust/breastfeeding |
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Term
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Definition
Post. Pit. Hormone
peptide
AKA ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
-increase bl pressure, absorbs fluid
-alcohol inhibits ADH |
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Term
| 2nd messengers are found? |
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Definition
| in the cytoplasm of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| HYPOTHALAMUS (not pituitary which is controlled by the hypothalamus) |
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Term
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Definition
-hormones made in the anterior pituitary
-RH travels down blood portal, binds to receptor, releases corresponding hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
=targets gonads
ex. LH (leteinizing hormone) & FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
-same RH works on both (GnRH/LHRH)
-negative feedback: E2 & P |
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Term
| Once a month, ___ is released to mature and egg to be released by ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
FSH= sperm
LH= Testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
(adrenocortiotrophi hormone)
-made in anterior pituitary
-peptide
-released by: CRH (corticotrophin) or ACTH-RH
-target: adrenal cortex to release cortisol
-neg. feedback: cortisol goes to hypothalamus & inhibits CRH production |
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Term
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Definition
| in adrenal cortex produces EPINEPHRINE |
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Term
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Definition
Peptide
ant pit hormone
hypothalamus release Prolactin RH
target: breast tissue, produces milk (oxytocin pushed milk out)
inhibited by: dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
-metabolism
-TRH in Hypothalamus
-TSH in Pituitary (thyrotropin)
-target: thyroid gland to release T3 & T4 |
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Term
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Definition
GHRH in Hypothalamus
GH in ant. pit.
target: Lots
neg. feedback: GHR-IH aka somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| =normal size, but growing in random places |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
=testicular feminization
-lacking ANDROGEN RECEPTORS
-Testes but NO int or ext male structures
-At puberty, NO PERIODS |
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Term
| Congenital Andrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
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Definition
=problems with ADRENAL GLANDS
too much T, not enough cortisol
-int female structures
-extra T--> small penis on clitoris
-tomboys |
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Term
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Definition
NO REDUCTASE, so no DHT
-int male structures
-NO ext male structures
- at puberty, extra T--> ext male structures develop |
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Term
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Definition
XO
-only 1 sex chromosome
-45 chromosomes
-webbing on neck
-short
-no breasts |
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Term
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Definition
XXY
-tall, long limbs
-not much pubic hair
-lower IQ
-mostly male |
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Term
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Definition
Males: larger
Females: smaller
but similar at prenatal, females decrease from lack of T |
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Term
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Definition
VMH-->PAG--> SC--> muscles
-abolished by: VMHX, PAGX
-increased by: VMH stimulation or injections of E2 & P to VMH |
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Term
| sexual motivation in males |
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Definition
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Term
| sexual behavior in males (mounting) |
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Definition
| MPOA (medial preoptic area) |
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