Term
Osteocytes communicate w/ eachother via? |
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Definition
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Term
Arteries in compact bone are contained w/in what? |
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Definition
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Term
difference between exposure & prevalence odds ratios |
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Definition
- Exposure odds ratio: (Odds of exposure in people w/ disease)/(Odds of exposure of people w/out disease)
- Prevalence odds ratio: (Odds ratio in population A)/(Odds ratio in population B) |
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Term
PAS positive granules in hepatocytes |
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Definition
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (risk of panacinar emphysema) |
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Term
Deficiencies seen in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome |
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Definition
- Lysyl-hydroxylase deficiency (postranslational modification in ER, needs VitaminC)
- Pro-collagen peptidase deficiency (cleaves terminal disulfide-rich extensions to make collagen insoluble & promote crosslinking) |
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Term
Lung compliance in left heart failure |
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Definition
decreased b.c. of pulmonary edema
(aside: dyspnea, bibasilar crackles, & appearance of S3 heart sound post MI are stigmata for LV failure) |
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Term
bilirubin uptake or excretion is ATP-dependent in liver? |
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Definition
- excretion (ATP-binding cassette protein "MRP2", gene responsible for dubin-johnson syndrome -> presents as Black liver & asymptomatic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
- Uptake is a passive process carried out by organic anion transporting peptide (OATP) |
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Term
Absent in Crigler Najjar & Low in Gilbert syndrome |
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Definition
UDP-glucuronyl transferase (in hepatocytes, conjugates billirubin) --> also is low in most newborns (responsible for physiologic jaundice of newborn & gray-baby syndrome of chloramphenicol use) |
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Term
Defective in Rotor syndrome & Dubin-Johnson syndrome |
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Definition
Bilirubin excretion into bile (ATP-dependent cassette protein: MRP2)
(Dubin-Johnson: see pigment granules in otherwise normal hepatocytes) |
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Term
If a patient is drunk, can he make decisions about his care? |
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Definition
NO! (person is incapacitated, thus unable to make rational decisions) --> decisions must be made by caretaker, or, if unaccompanied, consent to treatment is presumed |
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Term
where are immature T-cells? |
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Definition
Cortex of thymus (CD4 & CD8 positive) |
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Term
Urea cycle enzymes in mitochondria? (3) |
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Definition
- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS) - Ornithine transcarbamoylase - N-acetylglutamate synthase (produces N-acetylglutamate, the positive regulator for CPS) |
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Term
Which cells cause centriacinar emphysema? |
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Definition
neutrophils & alveolar Mø --> release elastase |
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Term
Which artery provides blood to femoral head/neck |
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Definition
medial femoral circumflex |
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Term
C.perfringens gastroenteritis pathogenesis |
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Definition
Large number of spores ingested --> germinate in digestive tract --> elaborate toxin --> transiently watery diarrhea
** This is a LATE-ONSET diarrhea, in comparison to preformed toxin ones: S.aureus or B.cereus** |
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Term
- Pulsus paradoxus definition - When do you see it? |
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Definition
- Decrease of systolic BP by >10 mmHg during inspiration - Seen in diseases that impair expansion of pericardial space --> increased venous return pushes IV septum & decreases LV preload (normally, the right heart would just expand into pericardial sac) (examples: acute cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, severe obstructive lung disease, & restrictive cardiomyopathy) |
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Term
Kusmall's sign: - What is it? - When do you see it? |
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Definition
- Jugular distention on inspiration - See it with constrictive pericarditis & right heart failure - DO NOT see it with cardiac tamponade (inspiration will un-collapse the RV & allow the heart to accomodate extra blood) |
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Term
T/F you see pulsus paradoxis in obstructive lung disease |
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Definition
True: pulsus paradoxis can be seen in obstructive lung diseases, pericarditis, tamponade, & restrictive cardiomyopathy |
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Term
insidious dyspnea & honeycomb lung |
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Definition
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis |
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Term
Serum marker for mast cell degranulation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
marker for serotonin breakdown --> screen for carcinoid tumors |
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Term
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Definition
- EHEC (O157:H7) --> undercooked beef; verotoxin - Shigella --> fecal oral; shigatoxin
(ASIDE: "atypical HUS" can be caused by defects in things that normally prevent coagulation: - defects in factor H - CD46 deficiency - factor 1 |
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Term
Drugs that prolong PT & PTT but not TT |
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Definition
Factor Xa inhibitors: Idraparinux, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban |
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Term
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Definition
intrusive thoughts that manifest in repetitive behaviors |
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Term
central hypogonadism & anosmia |
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Definition
Kallmann's syndrome: failure of GnRH secreting cells to migrate from olfactory placode |
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Term
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis possible chronic complications |
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Definition
transient recurrent pulmonary infiltrates & proximal bronchiectasis |
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Term
Cancer & infection associated with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) |
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Definition
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Term
Why is thiopental so short acting? |
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Definition
Rapid plasma decay of thiopental (a barbiturate) is because of it's redistribution into skeletal muscle & brain - this takes ~5-10 minutes & will precipitate |
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Term
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Definition
noncompetetive, irreversible non-selective alpha-blocker
Phentolamine is a competetive (reversible) alpha blocker |
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Term
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Definition
competative Alpha-1, Beta-1, & Beta-2 antagonist (similar to carvedilol)
use to treat severe HTN & sympathomimetic overdose (e.g. cocaine) |
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Term
what do penicillins bind to? (the other name for penicillin-binding-protein) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
blocks surface ADP receptors --> prevents platelet activation |
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Term
Differentiate Edwards from Patau |
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Definition
Edwards (trisomy 18): - Clenched hands w/ overiding fingers - Meckel's diverticulum & gut malrotation - Micrognathia
Patau (trisomy 13): - Cleft lip/palate - Microcephaly - Polydactyly - Abdominal wall defects: omphalocele, umbilical hernia, pyloric stnosis
(all other sx (heart problems, rocker-bottom feet, etc) are non-specific) |
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Term
Name the pathogen in each type of osteomyelitis: - Seeding of ischemic/infarcted bone in sickle-cell pt - Hematogenous seeding (most common causes) - Pott's disease - Contiguous spread from chronic foci of infection |
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Definition
- Salmonella - S.aureus & S.pyogenese - TB - Pseudomonas |
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Term
What part of the bone does osteomyelitis most commonly affect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Proteinuria seen in minimal change disease (& other nephrotic syndromes) --> mostly LMW proteins such as albumin/transferrin are excreted (vs Ig) |
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Term
this proteinuria is seen in proximal tubular dysfunction (e.g. tubulointerstitial nephritis) |
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Definition
tubular proteinuria: LMW proteins that are normally filtered by the glomerulus & then totally reabsrobed in the proximal tubule - b2-microglobulin - Ig light chains - Amino acids - Retinol-binding protein |
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Term
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Definition
- Multiple myeloma - causes "overload proteinuria" - Bence-Jones protein is the same thing as AL amyloid (i.e. Ig light chains, usually kappa) |
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Term
nephrotic syndrome definition |
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Definition
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Term
things you see schistocytes with? |
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Definition
- microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: HUS, TTP, DIC - mechanical damage (e.g. prosthetic valve) |
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Term
Renal cell carcinoma histology? |
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Definition
polygonal cells w/ abundant clear cytoplasm (most common subtype is "clear cell carcinoma") |
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