Term
| Energy Requirements of Growing Pigs |
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Definition
MAintenance + Production
Fasting heat production ( maintenance) is a function of body surface area plus an activity allowance: = 0.75W^0.06 MJ/d X 1.1
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Term
| Energy Requirements of pregnant and lactating sows |
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Definition
- NE requirement for pregnancy - fasting heat production, Growth, Conceptus ( 0.5MJ/d)
- NE requirement for lactation - fasting heat production X 1.1, milk production, lipid mobilised
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Term
| Standardized ileal digestibility |
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Definition
- takes account of specific endogenous loss
- non specific endogenous loss measured separately
- standardised ileal digestibility SID
((AA in – (AA out - NSE AA))/AA in) x 100%
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Term
| Compound Feeds- typical ingredients |
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Definition
– Barley, Wheat, (cooked barley, wheat, oats)
– Biscuit meal, Wheat feed
– Soya bean meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower seed meal (fishmeal, dried skimmed milk, full fat soya)
– Maize gluten feed, Distillers Dark Grains
• Fat/oilsupplements
• Mineral/vitaminsupplements
• Pureaminoacids
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Term
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Definition
lactating sow- 25-40 kg
pregnant sows- 10-20 kg
growing pigs 20-160kg- 5 X dry feed intake
young pigs - 6 X dry feeed intake
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Term
| Feed preparation and colitis |
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Definition
Brachyspira pilosicoli - infection
– sloppy “cow pat” faeces, damage to colonic epithelium, inflammatory cell infiltration of mucosa
– abnormal gut motility and function • Nutritional sensitivity
– associated with pelleted wheat based diets
– uncommon with home-mixed diets (not pelleted) – barley diets not a problem
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Term
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Definition
Nutritional sensitivity
– Associated with non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in
– arabinoxylans (polymer of arabinose and xylose and other sugars with ß linkages)
– increase viscosity of digesta and hold water
• Steps to avoid condition
– minimise wheat, maximise barley
– include fish meal, soya bean meal, wheatfeed
– exogenous enzymes may help
• Be aware of pelleting temperature
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Term
Diets and Diarrhoea
newly weaned piglets |
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Definition
– milk - frequent nursing clot in stomach slow release to intestine
– creep food - eaten in meals - ingredients neutralize stomach acid large flow to intestine
Immaturity of digestive system
– milk - lactose, fat, casein
– creep - sucrose, starch, some vegetable protein – enzyme system not fully adapted to substrates
Villus atrophy malabsorption of nutrients flow to hind gut and ferment diarrhoea
• Creep food management
– quality of ingredients - cooked cereals, fish and milk
proteins, full fat soya, oils
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– frequency of feeding - little and often
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– acidify - encourage lactobacilli
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– gruel preferable
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– modify protein levels: lower is better
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Term
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Definition
Pars oesophagea: parakeratosis lesions – fluid stomach contents
– acid reaches unprotected region
• Wheat based diets
– particle size, pelleting
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Term
| Other feed associated problems |
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Definition
Prolapse of rectum
– abnormal fermentation in hind gut - overspill of
undigested nutrients from small intestine
• Nutritional factors
– high density diets - high starch, low fibre – ad lib. Feeding
– water shortage – constipation
– mycotoxins in feed
Torsion of stomach/intestines – over feeding wet feed
• abnormal fermentation, gut twists to fill space available – cranial mesenteric vein compressed
• pooled blood, congestion, portal hypertension
– increased blood viscosity, decreased tissue supply
• shock
– increased permeability of gut wall
• endotoxic shock
– abdomen pressure limits contraction of diaphragm
• Sudden death, pale carcase, distended abdomen, intestines congested with blood
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Term
| Mineral/Trace element/Vitamin issues |
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Definition
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Modern formulations unlikely to be deficient
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Faulty storage, incorrect use of diet
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Reduced availability (intestinal damage)
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Anaemia – piglets
– Fe reserves low, milk low Fe
– intramuscular injection at 3d of 200mgFe
– Preferred range of Ca:P ratio 1.25–1.5 : 1
• Hoof cracks/lameness in sows - biotin (slow response to supplementation)
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Term
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Definition
Mulberry Heart Disease
– fluid round heart and lungs, haemorrhagic and pale
areas in heart muscle
• Hepatosis Dietetica
– enlarged and mottled liver with haemorrhage
• Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy
– pale muscle areas
• Vitamin E and glutathione peroxidase (Se)
– antioxidants to protect cell from free radicals from polyunsaturated fatty acids
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