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| in Spanish colonial society, colonist who were born in Spain |
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| in Spanish colonial society, a colonist who was born in Latin America to Spanish parents |
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| in the first half of the 19th century, a European – mainly wealthy landowners and nobles – who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe |
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| in the first half of the 19th century, a European – mainly middle-class business leaders and merchants – who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments |
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| in the first half of the 19th century, a European who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people |
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the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation – that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history – rather than a king or empire |
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an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity |
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the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romani, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia |
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| “the politics of reality” – the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism |
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a German emperor (from the Roman title Caesar) |
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| an early 19th-century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society |
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a 19th-century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be |
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a movement in 19th-century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time |
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| the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine |
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one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers |
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| the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land |
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| the resources – including land, labor, and capital – that are needed to produce goods and services |
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a large building in which machinery is used to manufacturing goods |
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a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business |
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the development of industries for the machine production of goods |
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| the growth of cities and the migration of people into them |
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| a business owned by stockholders, who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts |
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an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit |
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the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses |
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| the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people |
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| an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all |
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an economic system in which all means of production – land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses-are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally |
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the republic that was established in France after the downfall of Napoleon III and ended with the German occupation of France during World War II |
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a movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine |
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| the idea, popular among mid-19th-century Americans, that it was the right and the duty of the United States to rule North America from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean |
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| a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially |
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the belief that one race is superior to others |
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the application of Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution and “survival of the fittest” to human societies – particularly as justification for imperialist expansion |
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a meeting (184-1885) at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa |
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| a Dutch colonist in South Africa |
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| a conflict, lasting from 1899 to 1902, in which the Boers and the British fought for control of territory in South Africa |
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| a policy of treating subject peoples if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights |
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| a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions and customs |
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| a foreign policy based on a consideration of the strategic locations or products of other lands |
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a human-made waterway, which was opened in 1869, connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea |
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an Indian soldier serving under British command |
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| the British colony of India – so called because of its importance in the British Empire, both as a supplier of raw materials and as a market for British trade goods |
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| a foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities |
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a 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries’ efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea |
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| the adding of a region to the territory of an existing political unit |
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a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war |
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a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I |
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| a military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I |
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Germany’s military plan at the outbreak of World War I, according to which German troops would rapidly defeat France and then move east to attack Russia |
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in World War I, the nations of Germany and Austria-Hungary, along with the other nations that fought on their side |
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| in World War I, the nations of Great Britain, France, and Russia, along with the other nations that fought on their side; also the group of nations – including Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States – that opposed the Axis Powers in World War II |
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in World War I, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other |
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| a form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield |
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in World War I, the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks |
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| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare |
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the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy’s waters |
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| a conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort |
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| the limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy – often imposed by governments during wartime, when goods are in short supply |
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information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent’s cause |
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| an agreement to stop fighting |
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| the peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I |
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| a series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I |
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| the freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live |
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an international association formed after World War I with the goal of keeping peace among nations |
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a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia’s government in November 1917 |
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| one of the local representative councils formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar Nicholas II |
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government control over every aspect of public and private life |
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| a large government-controlled farm formed by combing many small farms |
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| a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist Party members and other citizens who threatened his power |
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| a deliberate and public refusal to obey a law considered unjust |
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| Albert Einstein’s ideas about the interrelationships between time and space and between energy and matter |
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| a philosophy based on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions |
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a 20th-century artistic movement that focuses on the workings of the unconscious mind |
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| the republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933 |
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| the severe economic slump that followed the collapse of the U.S. stock market in 1929 |
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| U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt’s economic reform program designed to solve the problems created by the Great Depression |
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a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule |
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| the fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers’ party, based on totalitarianism, a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry |
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| “My Struggle” – a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set forth his beliefs and his goals for Germany |
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“living space” – the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded |
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| the making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war |
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| in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936 |
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| a policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries |
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| the Third German Empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s |
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a 1938 meeting of representatives from Bretian, France, Italy, and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia’s new borders |
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| an agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another |
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| a series of battles between German and British air forces, fought over Britain in 1940-1941 |
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a declaration of principles issued in August 1941 by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt, on which the Allied peace plan at the end of World War II was based |
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| to the Nazis, the Germanic peoples who formed a “master race” |
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| a mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during World War II |
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“Night of Broken Glass” – the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany |
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| city neighborhoods in which European Jews were forced to live |
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| Hitler’s program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people |
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| the systematic killing of an entire people |
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| a 1942-2943 battle of World War II, in which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of Stalingrad in the Soviet Union |
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| June 6, 1944 – the day on which the Allies began their invasion of the European mainland during World War II |
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| during World War II, Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them |
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| a series of court proceedings held in Nuremburg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity |
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| a U.S. program of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II |
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| an international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to provide security to the nations of the world |
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| during the Cold War, the boundary separating the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the mostly democratic nations of Western Europe |
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a U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances |
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| announced by President Harry Truman in 1947, a U.S. policy of giving economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents |
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| the state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union in the decades following World War II |
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| the North Atlantic Treaty Organization – a defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European nations, the United States and Canada |
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| a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European countries |
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| a policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression |
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| the idea that if a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will also fall under Communist control |
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| a policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon |
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| the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks – a series of meetings in the 1970s, in which leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations’ stocks of nuclear weapons |
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