1= carbohydrates

2= lipids

Robert Hooke discovered cells by observing what?

Who is the father of microbiology?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Smallest living unit in organisms?

cells

What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

nuclei, membrane bound organelles

what are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

prokaryotic = bacteria, eukaryotic = cells from mammals

structure within a cell that performs a specific function

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Active cells have many of what type of organelle?

mitochondria

What is responsible for the packing and distribution center of the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Function of ribosomes?

protein synthesis

Organelle involved in moving mRNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes?

Location of ATP synthesis.

mitochondria

Storage organelle of plants.

vacuole

Where are ribosomes made?

nucleolus

What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

chloroplast

Similarity of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

both have DNA

Function of nucleus?

regulate production of protein

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

 cell wall, large central vacuole, chloroplasts

Correct order of the organization of living things.

cells, tissues, organs, systems

How would you find CO₂ and O₂ in the cell?

at equilibrium with outside cell

Give an example of diffusion.

ink in water

How much energy is required for diffusion?

What type of transport is osmosis?(passive) the Na/K pump

(active)

What is the process by which water diffuses into or out of a cell?

osmosis

How does sugar enter the cell?

facilitated diffusion

into: endocytosis

out of: exocytosis

A. where does oxygen gas come from during photosynthesis?

B. How has that affected the atmosphere?

A. water

B. atmosphere rich in oxygen

·           all organic molecules can be traced back to CO₂ from atmosphere

What happens to the excited electrons from Photosystem I?

·           – captured by NAPDH

What are the products of the light reactions used in the dark reactions?

ATP & NADPH

What is the Calvin cycle?

series of reactions that create carbohydrates

in both light and dark conditions

Where does the energy to form ATP come from

– proton pumps in thylakoid membrane

How does light intensity affect photosynthesis?

·           a molecule essential for life

What is cellular respiration?

·           release of energy from the breakdown of food

A connection between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

oxygen

What is acetyl CoA?

·           – formed from pyruvate, enters Krebs cycle, combines with oxaloacetate

What happens to glucose in glycolysis?

The products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

What is fermentation

·           organic compounds broken down in absence of oxygen

Difference between glycolysis and aerobic respiration

·           glycolysis no oxygen, aerobic with oxygen

What is formed in muscles when oxygen isn’t present?

·           lactic acid

Location of Krebs cycle & ETC?

mitochondrion

What are the parts of cellular respiration?

·         

·           – glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

What is the end product of the ETC?

C₆ H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + ADP + P ¬ 6CO₂ + 6 H₂O + MOLECULE A

1. name the equation

2. what is molecule A

1. aerobic respiration

2. ATP

What is centromere

(where chromatids attach)?  Chromatid (identical duplicated DNA)?

Describe the S phase of mitosis

– DNA repication

Cell cycle order?

– M, G₁, S, G₂

What is mitosis?

·           – division of the nucleus

·           Chromosomes in daughter cells?

·           exact copy of all chromosomes in parent cell

What is interphase?

G₁, S, G₂

Characteristics of metaphase

chromosomes lined up

·           Order of phases

[image]

Characteristic of plant cell cytokinesis

When in meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

Meiotic phase that results in 4 haploid cells?

Difference between anaphase & anaphase I

·           separation of chromatids vs separation of homologs

·           homologous pairs line up, haploid chromosomes line up

What is crossing-over (homologous chromosomes exchange DNA)?  When does it occur

(prophase I

What are three cellular situations that increase genetic variation?

crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization

Distinguish between a diploid and haploid cell.

haploid: n, 1 homolog of each chromosome, no pairs. Diploid: 2n, 2 homologs, pairs

What is the haploid number in humans

23

In a female egg cell, what divides unequally during cytokinesis?

- cytoplasm

What is heredity?

·           passing traits from parents to offspring

Who was the father of genetics?

·           Mendel

What is meant by phenotype?

appearance of a trait

·           Distinguish between recessiveand dominant.

What is the law of independent assortment?

·           one gene has no effect on the inheritance of another

What is a Punnett square?

·           device used to determine genetic outcomes

What is genetics?

study of heredity

Which of Mendel’s laws states that “alleles separate from each other during meiosis I”.

·           law of segregation

·           Complete a monohybrid cross and give phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

§  Heterozygous x heterozygous

§  Homozygous recessive x heterozygous

§  Heterozygous x heterozygous – 3:1, 1:2:1

§  Homozygous recessive x heterozygous – 1:1, 1:1

What is a test cross?

·           – crossing unknown dominant phenotypewith homozygous recessive

List the parts of a DNA nucleotide.

deoxyribose sugar,nitrogen base, phosphate

Function of DNA?

·           – ­regulate production of protein

DNA is made of long chains of …

nucleotides

Who established the structure of DNA?

Watson & Crick

What holds the two strands of the double helix together?

hydrogen bonds

Complementary bases to ACTTTACG

TGAAATGC

Differences between RNA and DNA?

·           – strands, sugar, bases (know specifics)

What is a codon?

mRNA nucleotide triplet – codes for amino acid

Be able to use a genetic code decoder to determine amino acid from mRNA codon

Be able to use a genetic code decoder to determine amino acid from mRNA codon

DNA from mRNA (AUGCCCACG)

TACGGGTGC

tRNA’s role in translation?

anticodons help to deliver amino acids