Term
| What are the values for underweight, normal, overweight and obese? |
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Definition
| underweight (<18.5). Normal (18.5 - 24.9). Overweight (25 - 29.9) Obese ( > 30) |
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Term
| What does primary and secondary obesity result from? |
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Definition
Primary (Caloric intake > metabolic demand)
Secondary (Result form another condition) |
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Term
| What is abnormal waist sizes in Men and Women? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Gynoid and Android obesity? and which is the most toxic |
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Definition
Gynoid = Gluteofemoral adipose tissue accumulation
Android = Abdominal adipose tissue
Most toxic = Android |
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Term
| What is the drug therapy for obese people? |
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Definition
| Orlistat (Alli) = Prevents body from absorbing fat. |
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Term
| What is Metabolic syndrome and what are the risk factors? |
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Definition
| Metabolic Syndrome = Collection of risk factors that increase risk of developing heart disease or diabetes. Must have 3 of the following: Increased waist circumference ( >40 Men, >35 Women), Increased triglycerides (>150), Decreased HDL (<40 Men, <50 Women), Increased BP (>130/85), Increased fasting glucose (>100) |
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Term
| What are the Antidysrthmic drugs for Atrial fibrillation? |
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Definition
| Amiodarone (Cordarone), Dofetilide (Tikosyn) |
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Term
| What are Stenosis, Regurgitation and Prolapse? |
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Definition
Stenosis = Valve fails to open completely (think stiffness)
Regurgitation = Valve fails to close completely
Prolapse = Valve flops backward into the atrium during ventricular systole |
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Term
| What is the short term drug for a STEMI to dissolve a clot? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the long term drugs for a STEMI? |
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Definition
| Beta-Blocker, ACE or ARB for Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, Antiplatelet drug or Anticoagulant, Statin if LDL > 100. |
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Term
| What is Ejection Fraction? |
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Definition
| Amt. of blood ejected from the ventricle (Stroke volume) DIVIDED BY Amt. of blood in the ventricle prior to ejection (end-diastolic volume) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Impaired contraction or pumping |
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Term
|
Definition
| Impaired relaxation or filling |
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Term
| What are the Stages of HF? |
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Definition
1) Asymptomatic
2) Symptomatic with moderate exertion
3) Symptomatic with minimal exertion
4) Symptomatic with rest |
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Term
| What are the drugs for HF patients? |
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Definition
Diuretics - Furosemide (Lasix)
RAAS Inhibitors - ACE and ARBS, and Aldosterone Antagonists = Spironolactone (Aldactone)
Beta-Blockers - Carvedilol (Coreg)
and Digitalis (Digoxin) |
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Term
| What does metoprolol (Lopressor) do? |
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Definition
| Beta-Blocker. Inhibits SNS activity, reduces HR, BP and Contractility. Used with ACS, STEMI, HF, A-fib. Hold if SBP <100 or HR <60. |
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Term
| What does captopril (Capoten) do? |
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Definition
| ACE inhibitor. Reduces cardiac remodeling. May get the ACE cough. |
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Term
| What does losartan (Cozaar) do? |
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Definition
| it's an ARB. Used in HF patients who can't tolerate ACE's d/t the ACE cough. |
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Term
| When does irreversible tissue injury occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| When does tissue necrosis begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is necrotic tissue cleared away? |
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Definition
| Necrotic tissue is cleared away by 1-2 weeks. |
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Term
| When does tough fibrous scar tissue replace necrotic tissue? |
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Definition
| tough fibrous scar tissue replaces necrotic tissue by 6 weeks. |
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Term
| what is the importance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? |
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Definition
| ATP is the energy source for our cells adn for our heart muscle, heart muscle cells cant store ATP, so the heart must continously make ATP, the way it makes it is with oxygen, so if stop oxygen to the heart, then it can't make ATP. |
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Term
| What is the electrical pathway of the heart? |
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Definition
1. An electrical impulse from the SA node spreads quickly among the right and left atria
2. The impulse arrives at the AV node where it slows down (this lets the atria finish their contraction)
3. The impulse travels rapidly through the bundle of His, carried by Purkinjie Fibers.
4. The bundle of His divides into right and left bundle branches.
5. The Purkinjie fibers continue to rapidly carry the impulse through the ventricles so the ventricles can contract. |
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Term
| What does the pulmonic valve do? |
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Definition
| pulmonic valve = directs blood flow between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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Term
| What does the aortic valve do? |
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Definition
| aortic valve = directs blood flow between the left ventricle and aorta |
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Term
| What does the mitral valve do? |
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Definition
| mitral valve = directs blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle |
|
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Term
| what does the tricuspid valve do? |
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Definition
| tricuspid valve = directs blood flow from right atrium to right ventricle |
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Term
|
Definition
| myocardium = cardiac muscle layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| endocardium = layer of epithelial cells that line the heart chambers and valves |
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Term
|
Definition
| pericardium = two layers that envelop the heart like a sac |
|
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Term
| what is the pericardial space? |
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Definition
| pericardial space = space between the visceral and parietal pericardial layers. |
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Term
| What drug would you give to fix the rhythm of A-fibrillation? |
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Definition
| amiodarone (Cordarone) or dofetilide (Tikosyn) |
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Term
| What drug would you give to fix the rate of A-fibrillation? |
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Definition
| dilitiazem (Cardizem) or metoprolol (Lopressor) |
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Term
| what are local and systemic manifestations of infective endocarditis? |
|
Definition
Local - valve damage, heart murmur
Systemic - fever, chills. Flu like symptoms, positive blood cultures, emboli. |
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Term
| what are complications of endocarditis? |
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Definition
| embolus, valvular insufficiency, myocardial abscess |
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Term
| What is the Acute Pericarditis Triad (PEC)? |
|
Definition
P = Pericardial Friction Rub
E = ECG Changes
C = Chest Pain |
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Term
| What are the two most common dysfunctional valves in valvular disease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do you hear when you auscultate a heart with valvular disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a saccular aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| Saccular (balloon shaped), involves only one part of circumference, wide neck |
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Term
| What is a Berry aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| A subtype of saccular aneurysms, small neck, located at bifurcation. Common location = Circle of willis. |
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Term
| What is a fusiform aneurysm? |
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Definition
| Entire circumference of vessel, gradual/progressive dilatation, potentially extensive involvement. |
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Term
| what are the clinical manifestations of a Thoracic Aneurysm? |
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Definition
Think upper Signs and symptoms r/t voice and airway, expanding and pressing on trachea and esophagus.
Pain (substernal, back, neck)
Breathing (Dyspnea, stridor, brassy cough)
Other (hoarseness, difficulty swallowing) |
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Term
| what are the clinical manifestations of a Abdominal Aneurysm? |
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Definition
| Usually asymptomatic, palpation of pulsating mass (by 4 cm), Pain (mild to severe, mid-abdomen or back). Possible thrombus formation (whenever structural problem with vessel it causes turbulent blood flow and turbulent blood flow leads to a clot development, b/c kind of have stagnating blood there. |
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Term
| What do drug do you give for an aneurysm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the stages 0-4 of urologic cancers? |
|
Definition
Stage 0 (in citu) = cells found in inner bladder surface
Stage 1 (limited) = has penetrated inner lining but not muscle
Stage 2 (Spreading) = spread to muscle layer
Stage 3 (Spread beyond muscle to outer layer
Stage 4 (mestastes) = Spread towards abdominal or pelvic wall |
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Term
| What is the drug for intermittent claudication? |
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Definition
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