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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Organization responsible for tracking the assignments of port numbers, domain names, and IP addresses. IANA is a department of ICANN. |
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Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
Organization that sets up many policies that guide how the internet works. |
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Fully Qualified Domain Name/Host name
or Computer Name
A unique character-based name assigned to every host on network.
ex. ftp.globalscape.com www.google.com |
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Consists of the last two parts of the FQDN.
ex google.com yahoo.com |
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| Is the first part of the FQDN such as www or ftp. This identifies the individual computer on the network. |
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The point of interconnection between a computer and a private or public network.
ex. NIC, router |
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Network IP Addresses that have 32 bits and are written as four decimal numbers called octets.
ex. 127.0.0.1 |
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IP addresses that have 128 bits and are written as eight blocks of hexidecimal numbers
ex. 2001:0DB8:0B80:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC |
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Organizationally Unique Indentifier
aka block ID or company ID
The first 24 bits given to a MAC address that identifies the manufacturer. |
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aka extension identifier
The last 24 bits that identify the specific device in a MAC address. |
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| Permanently assigned IP address to a computer or device. |
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| An IP address that is leased to a computer or device that must be requested from the server each time it connects to the network. |
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| A computer, router, or other device that a host uses to access another network. |
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| The gateway device that nodes on the network turn to first for access to the outside world. |
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| A 32 bit number that helps one computer find another. Can be used to know if a remote computer with a given IP address is on its own or a different network. |
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| Responsible for tracking computer names and their IP addresses. |
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| Utility in a Command Prompt window that finds out the current TCP/IP settings. Shows an abbreviated summary. |
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Top-Level Domain
The last part of a FQDN.
ex. .com .edu |
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| The process of discovering the IP address of a host when you know its fully qualified domain name. |
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aka host table
A text file that associates computer names with IP addresses. |
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| Entire collection of computer names and their associated IP addresses stored in databases on DNS name servers around the globe. |
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| Hold DNS databases, which is organized in a hierarchical structure. |
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| A DNS client that requests information from DNS name servers. |
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| a cluster of 13 servers that hold information used to locate top-level domain servers. |
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| Are the authority on computer names and their IP addresses for computers in their domains. |
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| A database stored on the on the local computer that is the resolver goes to first for a DNS search. |
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Resolves names only for the clients.
When it recieves a request for information it is not stored in its DNS cache, it will first query the company's authoritative name server. |
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| A query in DNS that demands a resolution or the answer "It can't be found". |
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| These are DNS queries to other servers. This asks for information from other servers but does not demand a resolution. |
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| Distributed Database Model |
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| A database model where data is distributed over thousands of servers, which in turn means DNS will not fail catastrophically if one or a handful servers experience errors. |
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These are the domains that are managed by an Organization's DNS.
ex. google.com yahoo.com |
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| A process where a secondary DNS server requests an update to its database from the Primary server. |
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| A term for software whose code is publicly available for use and modification. |
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aka Split-horizon DNS
Internal and external DNS queries are handle by different DNS servers or by a single DNS server that is specially configured to keep internal and external DNS zones separate. |
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| A device, either a router or a computer running software, that selectively filters or blocks traffic between networks. |
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Demilitarized zone
This is the area between two firewalls. There is one firewall to the outside network and one firewall before the internal network. |
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| Records kept in a DNS database. |
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| A resource record whose primary function of DNS is to match host names to IP addresses using IPv4 addresses. |
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| Does name-to-address mapping but uses IPv6 instead of IPv4 |
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| CNAME (Canonical Name) record |
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| These hold alternative names for a host. |
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| Used for reverse lookup, to provide a host name when you know its IP address. |
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| MX (Mail Exchanger) record |
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| Identifies a mail server and is used for email traffic. |
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| This is the true name of a server. |
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Dynamic DNS
This monitors the IP addresses dynamically assigned to us by our home network ISP. It reports IP address changes to the DDNS service which will automatically update DNS records. |
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Consists of a host's IP address and the port number of an application running on the host.
ex: 192.168.0.0:80 |
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| Ports that range from 0 to 1023 and are assigned by IANA. |
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| These ports range from 1024 to 49151 and can be used by network users and processes that are not considered standard processes. |
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| A port number that can be assigned by a client or server as the need arises. |
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| A port number assigned by a Network Admin that is different from a well-known port. |
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Simple Network Management Protocol (:161)
Port used to monitor and manage network traffic. |
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Trivial File Transfer Protocol (:69)
Computers commonly use this as they are booting up to request config files from another computer on the local network. |
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Network Time Protocol (:123)
A simple protocol used to synchronize clocks on computers on a network. |
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Server Message Block
Used by earlier Windows OSs for file sharing on a network. |
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Session Initiation Protocol (:5060/5065)
Makes an initial connection between hosts for transferring multimedia data. |
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| Signaling protocol used to make a connection between hosts prior to communicating multimedia data. |
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Media Gateway Control Protocol
A signaling protocol that is used to communicate multimedia data. |
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NetBIOS over TCP/IP aka NetBIOS (:137-139)
Protocol that allows old applications designed for NetBIOS to work on TCP/IP networks. |
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aka Protocol Analyzer
Used to collect and examine network messages that use all of these various protocols.
ex. Wireshark |
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Used with Class D addresses 224-239 in which one host sends messages to multiple hosts.
ex. videoconference. |
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127.0.0.1
An address used to verify that TCP/IP is configured correctly on a computer. |
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| A computer's connection with itself. |
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Automatic Private IP Addressing
169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254
If a computer is configured for DHCP and no IP can be leased it will default to this IP range. |
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| A range of IP addresses to be assigned to clients when they request for an IP address. |
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| A static IP that is assigned to a computer by DHCP. |
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| These are IP addresses that can be seen on the internet. |
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These IP addresses can only be used on private networks.
10.0.0.0 -> 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 -> 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 -> 192.168.255.255 |
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Network Address Translation
A network technique used to conserve public IP addresses needed by a network. It will substitute private IP addresses to its public IP address. This allows the clients to access the internet. This process is called address translation. |
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Port Address Translation
Assigns a seperate TCP port number to each ongoing session between a local host and an internet host. |
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Static Network Address Translation
This gateway assigns the same public IP address to a host each time it makes a request ot access the Internet. |
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| When the gateway has a pool of public IP addresses that it is free to assign to a local host whenever the local host makes a request to access the internet. |
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| Any LAN bounded by routers. |
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| a method used by IPv6 to transport IPv6 packets through or over an IPv4 network. |
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| The last 64 bits of an IPv6 address that uniquely identifies the local link. |
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| Two or more nodes on the same link |
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| This type of address specifies a single node on a network. There are two types, global and link local addresses. |
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| Packets are delivered to all nodes in the targeted multicast group. |
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| Can identify multiple destinations, with packets delivered to the closest destination. |
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aka Global Address
These addresses can be routed to the internet and are similar to IPv4 public addresses.
Use prefix 2000::/3 |
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| The 16 bits after the first 48 bits that identify the subnet of a smaller network on a larger network. |
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aka link local unicast address
Used for communicating with nodes on the same link. Similar to APIPA.
Uses prefix FE80::/64 |
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Extended Unique Identifier-64
A standard that needs a MAC address to convert from a 48 bit address to a 64 bit address to work with IPv6. |
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| A term for a network that uses both IPv4 and IPv6. |
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| Most common tunneling protocol. IPv6 addresses intended to be used by this protocol always begins with 2002::/16. The next 32 bits are from the IPv4 address. |
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Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol
Protocol only works on a single organization's intranet. Is enabled by default in Windows 7 and Windows 8.1.
Used to go from IPv6 to IPv4 |
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| IPv6 addresses using this protocol always begin with 2001::/32. Enabled by default in Windows 7 but not 8.1. |
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| This tunneling protocol goes from IPv4 to IPv6. |
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Packet Internet Groper
Is used to verify TCP/IP is installed, bound to the NIC, configured correctly, and communicating with the network. It uses echo signals. |
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| Used on UNIX and Linux Systems to view and manage TCP/IP settings. |
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Name Space Lookup
Allows you to query the DNS database from any computer on the network and find the host name of a device by specifying its IP address, or vice versa. |
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