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| the smallest unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
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| a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means; all atoms of an element have the same atomic number |
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| an electron that is found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atom's chemical properties |
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| a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
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| a group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces; a molecule is the smallest unit of matter that can exist by itself and retain all of a substance's chemical properties |
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| an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
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| the force that holds molecules of a single material together |
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| the attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with each other |
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| a homogeneous mixture throughout which two or more substances are uniformly dispersed |
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| any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water; acids turn blue litmus paper red and react with bases and some metals to form salts |
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| any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water; bases turn red litmus paper blue and react with acids to form salts |
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| a value that is used to express the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in acidity; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH of less than 7 is acidic, and a pH of greater than 7 is basic |
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| a solution made from a weak acid and its conjugate base that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to it |
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| a class of molecules that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
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| a fat molecule or a molecule that has similar properties; examples include oils, waxes, and steroids |
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| an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
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| a compound of a class of simple organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group and an amino group and that combine to form proteins |
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| an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information |
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| an organic compound that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base; the basic building block of a nucleic-acid chain |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics |
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| ribonucleic acid, a natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in protein synthesis |
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| adenosine triphosphate, an organic molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes; composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and three phosphate groups |
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| a substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction |
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| a substance that forms in a chemical reaction |
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| the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction |
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| a molecule, either protein or RNA, that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions |
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| on an enzyme, the site that attaches to a substrate |
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| a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes |
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