Term
| Proximal control elements |
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Definition
| trancription factors close to the promoter |
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Term
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Definition
enhancers that are some distance from a gene or even located in an intron
an enhancer is a regulatory DNA sequence to which transcription regulators bind, influencing the rate of transcription of a structural gene that can be many thousands of base pairs away |
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Term
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Definition
a protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to permit transcription of an adjacent gene
when they are bound they cause mediator proteins to interact with other proteins at the promoter |
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Term
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Definition
| some transcription factors function as repressors....a protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene |
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Term
| How is eukaryotic gene organization different from prokaryotic gene organization? |
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Definition
| they have no operons - segment of DNA that controls gene regulation in a set of genes with related functions in prokaryotes |
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Term
| which type of mRNA is more long live, prokaryotic or eukaryotic? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| large protein complexes that bind protein molecules and degrade them |
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Term
| only a small fraction of DNA codes for proteins, rRNA and tRNA. Much of the genome may be transcribed into ___ ___/ |
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Definition
noncoding RNA
some of which regulate gene expression or are microRNA (miRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
Small noncoding single-stranded RNAs that control gene expression by base-pairing with specific mRNAs to regulate their stability and their translation
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Term
| What special proteins to miRNAs associate with? |
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Definition
| RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which blocks gene expression |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA interference which is another type of inhibition of gene expression. It occurs by small interferin RNAs (siRNAs) |
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Term
| Cell division in unicellular organisms |
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Definition
| division of one cell reproduces the entire system |
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Term
| multicellular organisms depend on cell division for: |
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Definition
development from a fertilized cell
growth
repair
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Term
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Definition
| daughter cells with identical genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
non identical daughter cells
gametes or sperm and egg cells |
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Term
| The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: |
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Definition
| G1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and Mitotic M phase |
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Term
| what occurs in the Mitotic M phase? |
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Definition
| mitosis- the division of the nucleus and cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm |
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Term
| Interphase is about ____% of the cell cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three subphases of interphase |
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Definition
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase |
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Term
| In what subphase do chromosomes duplicate? In which phases do cells grow? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 phases of Mitosis? |
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Definition
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
PPMAT |
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Term
| When does cytokinesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| The clock that directs the cell cycle control has specific _____ where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received. |
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Definition
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Term
At the G1 checkpoint what is determined?
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Definition
| if the environment is favorable |
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Term
| What is ensured at the G2 checkpoint as mitosis is entered? |
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Definition
is all the DNA replicated?
is all DNA damage repaired? |
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Term
| At the checkpoint in mitosis where the duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart what is ensure? |
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Definition
| are all the chromosomes properly attached to the mitotic spindle |
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Term
| For most cells which is the most important checkpoint ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint? What if it doesn't? |
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Definition
If it does, it will complete the S, G2 and M phases and divide
If there is no go-ahead signal it will switch to a nondividing state - G0 phase |
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