Term
| Parasympathetic response in eye |
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Definition
| Post synaptic neuron->acetylcholine->M3 muscarinic receptor on constrictor muscle->eye constricts |
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Term
| Sympathetic response in eye |
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Definition
| Post synaptic neuron->Norepinephrine/epinephrine->alpha 1 receptor on dilator muscle (radial/circular muscle)->eye dilates |
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Term
| Consequences of sympathetic response |
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Definition
1. Cardiac output up
2. Respiration up
3. Glomular Filtration Rate (GFR) down
4. Immune system activity down
5. Cell division and apoptosis down.
6. Catabolism up |
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Term
| Consequences of parasympathetic response |
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Definition
1. Cardiac output down
2. Respiration down
3. Glomular Filtration Rate (GFR) up
4. Immune system activity up
5. Cell division and apoptosis up.
7. Anabolism up |
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Term
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Definition
| Gq mechanism, results in IP3 2nd messenger and increase in Ca levels(EPSP). M3 receptors most numerous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Na, K antiporter, EPSP. Neuronal ganglia have nicotinic receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gi mechanism, opens K channels, closes Ca and Na channels, and downregulates cAMP. M2 receptors most numerous. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gq mechanism, results in IP3 2nd messenger and increase in Ca levels(EPSP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gi mechanism, opens K channels, closes Ca and Na channels, and downregulates cAMP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gs mechanism, results in increase in cAMP, activates PKA. PKA opens Ca and Na channels, closes K channels. Results in EPSP. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in midbrain of brain stem. When bladder is full, stretch receptors signal to micuration center. Parasympathetic neuron then releases acetylcholine on bladder muscle, causes contraction of bladder and relaxation of sphincter. |
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Term
| Heartbeat modulation by autonomics. Buttload of information! |
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Definition
| Heart has stretch receptors (Baroreceptors) that sense BP. In high BP, pseudounipolar neurons relay message to brain stem. A parasympathetic neuron then releases acetylcholine onto SA node M2 receptors in heart, creates Gi response and increases K current in GIRK channels, hyperpolarizes cells, decreases HR (reflex bradycardia) In low BP situations, a sympathetic neuron releases NE and E on beta 1 receptors to increase heart rate through IPSP Gs mechanism in funny channels. Chemoreceptors on SA node also modulate heartbeat. |
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Term
| Exception in autonomic neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Sympathetic neurons to the sweat glands use acetylcholine. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic receptors |
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Definition
| Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha 1 and 2 receptors
Beta 1,2,3 receptors
All G protein responses. |
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Term
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Definition
Uses nicotinic receptors in ganglia for fast response.
Uses all muscarinic receptors (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5) |
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Term
| Acetylcholine nerve terminal sequence |
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Definition
1. Acetylcholine synthesized.
2. Unstable acetylcholine is protected in a vesicle.
3. Upon Ca depolarization, Ach is released into synaptic cleft.
4. Binds to receptor in post synaptic cell.
5. Ach then degraded by acetylcholine esterase.
6. Choline taken up by neuron. |
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Term
| Receptors in heart muscle |
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Definition
| M2 (uncommon in ventricles, affect HR) and Beta 1 (Found everywhere, affects both HR and ventricle contraction). |
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Term
| Receptors in blood vessels |
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Definition
| Only sympathetic response. Have Alpha 1, M3 (for contraction) and Beta 2 receptors (for dilation). |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha 2 receptors in pancreas to inhibit insulin release for higher blood sugar (sympathetic response). |
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Term
| Adrenergic nerve terminal actions |
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Definition
1. Tyrosine hydroxylation eventually creates Dopamine (DA), NE, and EPI.
2. NE and EPI packaged into storage vesicles.
3. Release of NE upon Ca depolarization.
4. Binding to receptor.
5. Reuptake of NE into pre-synaptic neuron.
6. NE metabolized by COMT and MAO. |
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Term
| Synthesis of catecholamines |
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Definition
Tyrosine->L-Dopa->Dopamine->NE->EPI
Tyosine hydroxylase is rate limiting step.
EPI only made in adrenal medulla (80% EPI/20%NE) in periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mono amine oxidase. Oxidizes NE. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catecholamine Methyl Transferase. Methylates NE. |
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Term
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Definition
Big role in CNS, not in periphery. Metabolized by MAO and COMT into HVA. Too little=Parkinson's Too much=Schizophrenia
Used in hospitals to maintain adequate blood flow to kidneys during trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
Vanillyl Mandelic Acid.
Results from breakdown of NE and EPI by COMT and MAO.
Excreted in urine, used as a test for Pheochromocytoma (adrenal medulla cancer). |
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Term
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Definition
Has M3 receptors (parasympathetic) and B2 (sympathetic) receptors.
Tidal Volume (TV, more important) and Respiratory Rate (RR) affected. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of drugs that block M3 receptors in lungs, leads to bronchodilation. Frequently paired with B2 agonist for increased effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Class of drugs that activate Beta 2 receptors in lung, creates bronchodilation. Frequently paired with M3 antagonists. |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of blood ejected per ventrical contraction.
Equals End Diastolic Volume (EDV)-End Systolic Volume (ESV) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Fibrous skeletal component with one way valves
2. 4 chambers
3. Electrical component |
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Term
| Sequence of electrical components of heart |
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Definition
| SA Node->AV node->Bundle of His->Branches->Purkinje Fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| ~100-110 bpm, parasympathetic imput keeps it lower in normal patient. |
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Term
| Mechanism of parasympathetic imput to heart |
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Definition
| 1. Ach binds to M2 receptors in SA node. 2. Gi mechanism initiated, cAMP downregulated. 3. Low cAMP opens GIRK channels and downregulates funny channels. 4. Creates IPSP, Ca and Na levels also down due to downregulation of funny channels. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic mechanism in lungs |
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Definition
1. Ach binds to M3 receptors in lungs.
2. Causes EPSP through Gq mechanism, constrict bronchioles. |
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Term
| Autonomic response in sweat glands |
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Definition
Only sympathetic imput using Ach on M3 receptors (exception).
Causes GI fluid loss, profuse sweating, and diarrhea. |
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Term
| Action potential in SA node cells |
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Definition
| SA node cells initially depolarize to threshold using funny channels, which act like nicotinic receptors (Na in, K out). Funny channels are activated by hyperpolarization or by high cAMP levels. Once theshold is reached, Ca channels open to depolarize the SA cell, but with no long depolarization from Ca L channels. The cell repolarizes by opening GIRK (K) channels. |
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Term
| Sympathetic mechanism in heart |
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Definition
NE binds to beta 1 receptors which activate HCN (funny channels) through cAMP increase (Gs mechanism). Funny channels then initiate action potential.
Results in increase of HR, contractility, conduction velocity, and Ca reuptake in SR, with a shorter diastolic phase. |
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Term
| Blood vessel autonomic regulation |
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Definition
M3 and alpha 1 (EPI binds) receptors cause contraction.
Beta 2 (EPI binds) and NO cause relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount on overlap between actin and myosin in muscles. There is always some sympathetic innervation to keep muscle toned and BP sufficiently high, unless anesthesia is administered. Without muscle tone, blood vessels will dilate and BP will fall. |
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Term
| Factors increasing Renal Blood Flow |
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Definition
| Dopamine, Prostaglandins, ANP/ANF, Bradykinin |
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Term
| Factors decreasing Renal Blood Flow (RBF) |
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Definition
| NE, EPI, Renin, Angiotensin II |
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Term
| Pathway for vasoconstriction |
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Definition
Angiotensinogen->Angiotensin I (by Renin)->Angiotensin II (by ACE)-> Aldosterone
NE and EPI bind to beta 1 receptors in kidney to stimulate Renin production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production stimulated by Angiotensin II. Promotes Na resorption by giving up K. Sympathetic response, can tell by high K levels in urine. |
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Term
| Parasympathetic control of bladder |
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Definition
Parasympathetic mechanism for detrusor muscle:
Ach->M3->IP3->Ca->contraction
Parasympathetic control of bladder sphincter:
Ach->M2->K channels open-> relaxation |
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Term
| Sympathetic control of bladder |
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Definition
Sympathetic control of Bladder detrusor muscle:
NE/EPI->B2->cAMP->PKA->MLC Phosphatase->relaxation
Sympathetic control of sphincter:NE->Alpha 1->M3->IP3->Ca->contraction |
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