-built after the second world war for manufacture of weapons and housing for factory workers

-building nearly 1000 homes per week

-no sense of community

-***must create a comminity that reflects how people want to live

Medieval: 90%agriculture, upper and lower classes, divine right rulership, rural development

Industrial: Production of goods, prominent middle class**, democratic system, urban development

Information age: computers and exchange of information, high and low paid service jobs, ??politics, urban and exurban development

**middle class is eroding**

New Challenges: Health, Fire, Watr, Slums

-need healthy people for factories to run... cities extremely dirty

**these remain to be four biggest issues affecting how we build society

UTOPIANS

-societal reform

-holistic and comprehensive governance, economy, and settlement patterns

-sustainable development

*caring for humanity

 -food/cooking done on a communal basis

****Hutterites are a result of this era**

URBAN HEROES

-replaced utopian model

-reorganization of settlement patterns

-emphasis on living conditions

-sustainable models

-had central park,  surrounded by agricultural fields 

MODERN PLANNERS

-safe and efficient cities

-adaptation to motor car

-reversed houses,, back pathways are "front".. roads at back of house

-like Varsity Village... large central park, high traffic arteries on perimeter, houses inside

*******Utopians + Heroes + Planners = Suburbia****

-walkable

-reduced auto conflicts

-open spaces

-proximity of services

-efficient land use

-conservation of resources

-sense of community

-auto dependency

-mono-land use

-loss of identity

-ineffcient use of resources

-generation of GHG

-suburban model is no longer appropriate

-discernable neighborhood centre

-most dwellings within 5 minute walk

-variety of dwellings

-weekly commercial needs satisfied

-live/work arrangements

-elementary school in walking distance

-accessible playground for every dwelling

-connected street network within variety of routes to a destination

-narrow, pedestrian friendly, tree lined streets with buildings close to road

-parking areas hidden

-landmark structures

-self governing

Processes

-formal or ad hoc

-inclusive or exclusinve

Resources

-time

-money

-natural resources

-labour

-location

DEFINITION: A decision making process directed towards the allocation of resources.

-identification of an issue

-establish goals and objectives

-research information

-review alternatives

-evaluate alternatives

-conclusions

-plan of action

THIS IS A FORMAL PROCESS, NOT AD HOC

Community Planning - evrything (city + people)

Urban planning - densely populated

Rural planning - less dense

Regional planning - city + rural area around

Neighborhood planning - small segments

* city is just the physical

**Planning is what you want

**Development is what you get

-when people share a perception it can become a fact

i.e. people in trailer parks beat their kids

consists of

-physical planning

-social planning

-environmental planning

-economic planning

report- describes facts of existing situations

study- investigates a specific issue or problem

plan- motivation to act upon the issue

externalities- no matter what you do, it will have an impact on others... planning is based on trying to reduce these when negative (i.e. all heavy industry on downwind side of city)

Potential Effects - can be speculative... i.e. build a slaughter house and get 80 trucks a day filled with pigs

Cumulative Impacts- more on environmental side of things... what if EVERYBODY does this?

-function and purpose for fortification and trade

-we don't worry about walls anymore because there are no longer pirates

-blocks of land for public and private use 

-fortification and trade... ie. Quebec city ... organic growth in 1700s

 -central church prominant

WESTERN CANADA

-1800s... urban and rural

-railways and street cars..

-used gridiron design

-planning for horse and wagon

-no formal plan

-no rhyme or reason

-no grid

-things that support neighborhood

-elementary schools, church, medical clinic, ice arena, etc

-developped neighborhood unity theory

-almost identical to varisity village

-arterial road boundaries, with entire neighborhood defined around elementary school

-move away from 'city efficient movement' (grid-iron approach)

-reasonable level of safety

-lot affordability

-affordable taxes and utility costs

-identifiable neighbourhood character

-environmental impact

-liability... don't ewant people to sue the city for externalities

-we are like sheep.. we want to conform

-community values, urban product, policies for creating urban area have all been STANDARDIZED

-policies become entrenched

-development community canont respond with innovation

-community values become intrenched

**Different Values = Different Design**

-majority of planning decisions made by municipality

-majority of development decisions made by private sector

 ****Innovation requires a favilitative municipality and a motivated private sector working in partnership****

-innovative need can be divided into public and private realms

WE"RE IN A RUT!! laws/values******* i'll say it again... WITH VALUES< WE"RE IN A RUT!!!!!

-private/public realm conlicts

-different ownership

-different agendas

-different set of decision making processes

-municipal government controls public realm exclusively

-private realm is controlled by both public and private sector

*MUST FIND COMMON AGENDAS...simplify process to allow creativity

1)New Prescriptive Regulations-

-won't work

-can't mandade creativity

2)LESS PRESCRIPTIVE REGULATION!!

-yes folks, thats the answer

-much more difficult... so many factors to consider

-Hard facilities (roads/water mains/trees)

-Operations Considerations (storm water/ snow/ sleaves/cars)

-Human Behavior (Drivers/pedestrians/construction workers)

HIGH PRIORITY

-safety

-liability

-maintenance

-affordability

-level of service

-obvious environmental impact

LOW PRIORITY

-community character

-sense of community

-trees and street furniture

-support for private realm

-cumulative environmental impact

captial/maintenance costs

CAPITAL

-assigned to producer and customer

MAINTENANCE

-assigned to customer

-institutions grow inforally through the actions and values of a community (ie. river valley as a jewel)

-institutions grow as the result of legislation and practice of law

-institutions are an accumulation of society's past responses to issues

-once established, they are difficult to dislodge (ie. hospitals, catholic church, etc)

-democracy

-federal/provincial/municipal governments

-fire/hostpital/etc

-common law: what you can/can't do

-Bundle of rights: -access to occupy/rent/sell.... not ABSOLUTE right...(can only build so high)

BORs have caveats (safeways can sell on a condition..etc)

-ROLE OF SOVEREIGN: -fed government can kick you off you land

WINDMILLS

1)Federal Legislation

2)Provincial Legislation

-Electric Utilities Act

-Micro Generation Regulations

 3)Alberta Utilities Commission

4)Alberta Electric Service Operator

5)Electric Distribution (Wire Company)

6)Alberta Building Code

7)Alberta Electric Code

8)Municipal Legislation (noice?strobe?aesthetics?)

-Neighborhood Planning (Varsity Village)

-Land Use Planning (backbone)

-Urban Design (physical)

-Good City Form (how humans read city)

-Transportational Planning

also..

-site planning

-part and recreation planning

-cultural planning

-downtown planning

-economic planning

-social planning

-sustainability planning

-infrastructure planning

-location and amount of land for various uses

-focused on externalities. social and physical (will building block sun?)

-infrastructure support is critical

*Backbone of community planning

*Zoning is a tool to help implement land use planning 

**Tied in with so many aspects...(deomgraphics, services, environment, public processes, transportation, etc ,etc )

-Small town Atosphere

-Diversity of Choice

-Multi-Purpose Linkages

-Stewardship

-Thought Considerations

-A Livable Place

-Appropriate Commercial Opportunities

-A Welcoming Image

-Innovation and Flexibility

-deals with physical side of a city... related to urban planning... deals on a very detailed scale

**comparable to city planning**(no people)

-practiced by architects, landscape architects, community planners, engineers

 -introduces form into function

MAJOR THEMES:

-Neo Classical (Chicago World Fair)

-Modern (50s, smooth, sleek)

-Post Modern (modern + creativity)

-evolved from modernist movement

-contradicts many modernist ideas

-combining new ideas with traditional forms

-may startle/surprise/amuse

-familiar shapes and details are used in unexpected ways

-buildings may incorporate symbols to make a statement or simple to delight viewer

-Line

-Space

-Shape/Mass

-Color

-Texture/Pattern

-Unity and Variety

-Balance/Emphasis/Rhythm

-Proportion and Scale

-Symbolism

Proportion: the relationships of objets or parts to one another and to design as a whole

Rhythm: principle of design which creates an effect by using different ideas through lines/colors/texture

Balance: occurs when forms of groups of arrangements on either side of an imaginary line are mirrored to the opposite side creaing the same visual effect (ie. peace tower)

Unity: occurs when all pars of a design are related by one idea

Variety: Occurs when different yet compatible styles and materials are combined. This adds interest to the design (ie. inside out building)

-wrote The Image of the City (understanding of how humans read the city... how easy can humans understand the layout of a place)

and Good City Form (

book by Kevin Lynch

-how humans understand their city

-Paths (how we move around)

-Districts (Areas with perceived internal homogeneity)

-Edges (Dividing Lines Between districts)

-Landmarks (Obvious points of reference)

 Nodes (centers of attraction and activity)

*****Lynch's work leads to the concept of MENTAL MAPS(able to understand how to give and receive directions) and WAYFINDING (ability to read the city to move around)

-Book written by Lynch

-this is what makes a city "good"

-important qualities for most cultures

1)Vitality-degree to which the form supports the vital functions of humans (breath clean air, cool in summer, etc)

2)Sense- degree to which the settlement can be clearly perceived and mentally differentiated and structured in time and space by its residents

-unique identity that makes sense!!!

3)Fit- degree to which the form and capacity of spaces, channels, and equipment in a settlement match the pattern and quantity of actions of the residents

-does place fit lifestyle?

-do certain things belong in specific city?

4)Access - the ability to reach other persons, activites, resources, services, information or places (can be physical, social, economical, etc)

5)Control - degree to which the use nd access to spaces and activities and their creation, repair, modification, and management are controlled by those who use them

-do you feel in control?

6)Efficiency- the cost, in terms of other valued things, of creating and maintaining the settlement.

7)Justice- is the way in which benefits and costs are distributed among persons, according to some particular principle such as equity, need, intrinsic worth, ability to pay, effort expended, potential contribution or power.

-the field involved with the siting of transportation facilities

FOUR BASIC COMPONENTS:

-Trip Generation (frequency of trips in each zone by, as a function of land uses and household demographics, and other socio-economic factors)

-Trip Distribution (matches origins with destinations... often using gravity model)

-Modal Split (computes the proportion of trips b/w each origin and destination that use a particular transportation mode)(ie. bus car or cyclist?)

-Route Assignment (allocated trips b/w an origin and destination by a particular mode to a route.

-expressway/freeway

-arterial

-collector

-local road

Levels Of Service

-A(best) to F(worst)-vary space and time

-Route Location Study (evaluates alternative routes)

-Functional Study (Provides details on users and movements)

-Traffic/Parking impact assessments (specific to individual developers)

Agenda**(8)

1)Purpose of Meeting

2)Purpose of Project

3)Project Team

4)Preliminary Issues

5)Previous Plan

6)Community Consultation

7)Timelines

8)Questions and Discussion

**establish openness and trust!!

Council makes decisions...

PLANNER'S ROLE

-provide technical advice 

-provide resources

-respect values of client

**** employer/employee or client/expert??

ROLE OF COMMUNITY

-describe concerns

-identify impacts

-express values

-suggest ideas

-debate alternatives

-open public meetings

-creation of focus groups

-open house and feedback

-community volunteers

-ongoing communication

CAP=ideal

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION

council decision to plan

GOAL ARTICULATION

SURVEY OF COMMUNITY CONDITIONS

solicit concerns from community

DESIGN ALTERNATIVE PLANS

present draft plan to community

EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

ADOPTION OF A PLAN

adopt plan by bylaw

provincial approval

IMPLEMENTATION

implementation

**why can't ideal and formal go together???

GROWTH

-is quantitative change, either plus or minus, in population size, number of structures, traffic, space required for community, and so on...

DEVELOPMENT
-is qualitative change... ie. the opening up of new areas, replacement of one land use with another, a shift in the cultural mix of a population, etc

-obtaining community agreement is not a simple matter

-community planning involves trying to reconcile private and public preferences

-cities are made up of multiple 'publics', each with a potentially different view of 'public good'

-try to discover COMMON INTEREST through collaborative planning processes of consensus-building

-also called 'overspill effects'

-community planning takes into consideration potential effects

-we may have to guess external effets as there is no previous evidence/experience with them

-who benefits and who pays the price for growth and development?

-precautionary principle; risk assessments

-citizen participation

-ecological planning

-redeeming place (meet inhabitants' communitarian, ecological, and aesthetic needs by recreating neighborhoods and stopping mindless sprawl)

-cultural diversity

-population ageing

-safety and security

-globilization (deal with increasing interconnectedness)

1)Selection of the Site

2)Function of the community

3)Form of the community (ie. aesthetic considerations of culture)

4)allocation of land uses (land use planning- where will people live? do business? etc)

5)The need for connection (How will people and good circulate)

6)Accomodating growth and change (within or extend?)

-presented the Utopian plan for a cooperative community combining industry and agriculture in 1816

 -very cooperative city structure... share many things communally

-nobody adopted his ideas.. they were not very popular.. though were very influential (and Hutterites use it)

*most ideal towns were never built, however they were influential in two important ways:

1)they were the firt attempts at community planning that considered the sources of employment and the social structure of inhabitants

2)They represented the beginning of the development of technical and geometric skills applied to community planning (the need of professionals for planning)

-proposals of the utopians, in stressing for the improved conditions for industry workers, stimulated many industrial owners  in the second half of the 19th CE to build "model communities"

-not philantropic... done to enhance worker efficiency

-residential areas were broken into groups through the use of intervening parks and playgrounds; the land on which the town was built was deeded to the community (and remains so to this day)

-disease

-water supply

-fire

-slums

-railways,streetcars, and urban form (consumed large amount of area in downtown area)

-rapid industrialization in 19thCE led to these

-planning improved greatly because professionals began to get hired

MAJOR PROBLEMS SEEN
1)shabby appearance (city beautiful)

2)Deterioration of living conditions (garden cities)

3)los of nature (parks movement)

4)inefficiency and waste (infrastructure improvements)

-due to concern over city appearance

-spurred by chicago world fair in 1893

-strengthened aesthetic effort by providing design principles for designs of public/private buildings

-renaissance design principles of symmetry, cherence, and monumentality were revived 

-this was mostly quelling a concern of the elite

-developped due to concern over living conditions

 aim to 1) disperse population and industry of large city into smaller concentrations and 2)create community living environment in periphery of large cities

THE PLAN

-appox 30000 people

-agricultural greenbelt surrounding town

-provision ofland for industry and commerce to supply employment to residents

-arrangement of land uses to promote convenience an reduce conflict

-means of rapid communication between central and garden city

***all garden city land would be owned by a corporation and held in trust ... each house its own garden, each neighborhood its own school/church

-strong town center with town hall/concert hall/theatre/library/museum/hospital and large public garden

** huge belt that would separate industry from residential

PEAK OF CITY BEAUTIFUL

-by 30s, any proposal to make cities more attractive seemed like a waste of scarece public resources

-parks connected by pathways

-achievement of civic grandeur was an aim of City Beautiful planning

-CB movement later described in condescending terms... HOWEVER, design style was rooted in powerful aesthetic principles that had endured from Renaissance (symmetry, coherence, perspective)

RISE OF MODERNISM AND LE CORBUSIER

-modernism embraced 'end of history'

-planners given clean slate and asked to imagine perfect city

-Le Corbusier envisioned a city where people lived in towers and parks are everywhere (very little ground covered by buildings)

-skyscrapers concentrated without congested (calgary's downtown draws from this)

"VILLE CONTEMPORAINE"

-a hybrid of Garden City and City Beautiful

-broke away from monotonous gridiron approach

-mostly never intended to provide housing to the masses.... generous design features meant high prices

-arose out of concern for housing

-also arose out of concern for housing

-better living conditons as prime objective

-these ideas developped in 29 when automobile related deaths were high

-goal was to insulate residential areas from traffic and to link social needs of families to their environment-eah neighborhood would have approx enough people for 1 elementary school

(like varsity village)

-a practical application of neighborhood unit

-garden city planned for motor age....

-arterial roads kept away from residential

-extensive use of cul-de-sacs, housings backed onto streets, facing gardens, etc.

-for a plan to have statutory power over all properties in a community, the sanction of the province was required... (convention in canada that a municipality may not do anything that its province has not empowered it to)

- The early Canadian acts shared three things in common with the British act:

1)planning was confined to land in suburban or fringe areas that had the prospect for development

2)landowners could claim compensation if public plans adversely affected private property

3)local planning would be subject to close scrutiny by central government authorities

The Constitutional Setting and the First Planning Acts

-THE SCOPE OF PLANNING

-plans applied to land in the course of development, ie. extensions of community (not current stuff)

-regulations were expected to allow communities to control the density of development and the mixture of land uses..... ZONING

The Constitutional Setting and the First Planning Acts

-THE ROLE OF THE PROVINCE

The Constitutional Setting and the First Planning Acts

-THE LOCAL PLANNING STRUCTURE

The Constitutional Setting and the First Planning Acts

-EFFECTS ON PRIVATE PROPERTY

-the acts also allowed a property owener to claim compensation when their property was injuriously affected by the making of a town planning scheme

-also allowed a municipality to claim up to half of any increase in the value of a property beneficially affected by a plan (betterment)

**-injury to a property is usually apparent when the plan is being implemented, wheras an increase in a property's value that is due to a plan may not materialize for many years...... makes things difficult to assess

The Constitutional Setting and the First Planning Acts

-LAND FOR PARKS

-the tools that Canada's planners would need to use were still being 'invented' as teh formal machinery of planning was being assembled

Planners struggled to devise acceptable tools that would provide:

1)Planning Policy for the entire community

2)A framework for guiding private development

3)A framework for capital investment

*****Today, we consider (1) to be preparing the community plan, (2) to be formulating the land-use and subdivision regulations, and (3) preparing the capital improvements program

-the community plan's role was seen as providing support for the land-use regulations

-widespread national requirement that a municipality adopt a zoning bylaw before adopting a community plan. 

-the subdivision of a tract of land transfers ownership and thus requires that all new owners be given the institutional protection oftheir land titles

-frequently, subdivision precedes actual urban development by a considerable period of time

-the main concerns are for street layouts, open space provisions, drainae, and the size and shape of building lots

-is the planning tool that deals witht he use of land and the physical form of development. It deals with:

1)the use that may be made of a parcel of land

2)teh coverage of the parcel by structures

3)the height of buildings

reason:

-the separation of nuisance... later various health, safety, and occupancy regulations

-it would provide more c ertainty for landowners about what they could expect to be built in their areas and for municipal governments about what ependitures they would have to made for services, as well as teh tax revenues they might receive.

***there were instances of zoning being used to exclude some classes of people from certain areas

*things change, ie. the mixing of different residential types with retail and commercial uses is now considered desirable

1)the dilemma between protecting existing land uses and promoting the planning of future land uses

2)has to do with the administration of zoning bylaws. Although the intent is that all the properties in a zone be treated equally under the bylaw, physical conditions afecting the land in a zone may make this impossible (ie. topography)

-in such situations, the bylaw is considered to be causing "undue hardship" on a property, and appeals can be made to seek a variance from the provisions of the bylaw

1)beauty/orderliness

2)comprehensiveness

3)Conservation of Resources

4)Democratic Participation

5)Efficiency

6)Equity

7)Health/Safety

8)Rational Decision Making

CONTRIVED PARTICIPATION

1)Manipulation (plan is already made.... educating citizens into agreeing with it)

2)Therapy (engaging citizens in diversionary activities that will "cure" them over their concerns

TOKEN PARTICIPATION

3)Informing (information provided to citizens, at best, responses of citizens are sought, at worst, it is a newspaper article)

4)Consultation (explicit means are used to obtain the views of citizens... not assured of being understood)

5)Placation (citizens are given opportunity to be heard, but with no certainty that their advice will be taken. "advisory committees"

Citizen Power Sharing

6)Partnership (agreement to share responsibilites for planning through joint policy boards or committees)

7)Delegated Power (gives citizens dominant decision making responsibility over a plan or program, usually from the outset)

8)Citizen control (level at which citizens govern a program or project in all its policy and managerial aspects)