dilation of the cervix

accomplished through contractions of the uterus

fetus goes from uterus to vagina

head "crowns"

body emerges

relax mom and relieve pain

cross placental barrier-baby may also be sedated

may prolong labor

cause trouble with pushing

headaches

surgical procedure

mother awake

typically with regional anesthesia

most common form of major surgery

natural or prepared childbirth (lamaze)

use of a doula, pregnancy coach, and social support

birthing centers (with midwife)

used to assess the newborns physical condition based on 5 criteria: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, color, reflex response

given at 1 and 5 minutes

7-10 is good condition

below 4 signals emergency

sleep- 16-18 hrs per day, alternate between REM and non-REM

crying- communication

starts softly and gradually becomes more intense

(hungry, tired, uncomfortable)

correct balance of fat and protein

nutritional completeness

protection against disease

digestibility

smoother transition to solid foods

often cheaper, more immediate, safer

advantages of formula feeding

medical reasons (restricted diet, medications)

societal barriers (work schedule, access to lactation room)

head to feet

raise head before standing

center out

trunk and arm precedes hands and fingers

gross before fine

"monster walking" before smooth walking

depth perception/visual cliff study

8 month olds can perceive depth

a time when an organism displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli

(infancy is a critical period for vision)

frantic continual crying caused by an immature digestive system

(first 3 months)

principle that human beings are attracted to novelty and look selectgively at new things

primary circular reactions