-radicals advocate equal rights for freed slaves and harsher penalties in the South

- Congress should set reconstruction policy

 1864 July - Senator Benjamin Wade and congress

1865 - March 3rd

- to aid former slaves through education, health care, and employment.

 - established 4000 schools and 100 hospitals for former slaves

- a key agency during Reconstruction

 - laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the U.S. to limit the Civil Rights and civil liberties of African Americans

1866 March

-congress passes this act, all persons born in the U.S. are American Citizens

-Johnson vetoes - Congress overrides

1) Prohibits racial  discrimination in public places, transportation and juries

2) School Segregation prohibited

Grandfather Clause

1898 -Louisiana institutes this clause

- vote granted to anyone whose grandfather could have voted before 1867

- the ideas of American uniqueness have always been the American Frontier

-which is the region between urbanized,civilized society and the untamed wilderness

-1872 Northern Pacific Railroad constructs westward route through Sioux territory

1865 - 15 million buffalo but in 1875 less than 1000

1872-1874 -Buffalo Hunters

-steel industry requires lube for machines

1850's - PA Businessman George Bissell demonstrates that petroleum reserves of western PA could be used

-1859 - Employee Edwin L. Drake established first oil well at Titusville, PA

-magnet for financial market

connect raw materials to factories and finished products to markets

-railroad demand for steel, wood, coal, and oil is a factor in national economic expansion

-markets for iron steel and lumber

- founded 1901 by J.P. Morgan & Elbert H. Gary

-at one time largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world

-bought largest competitor Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company

- made 67% of all the steel produced in the US

consolidation of all functions related to a particular industry

1875 - Gustarus Swift invented refrigerated cars, established packing houses, built refrigerated warehouses, hired sales force

1881 - Swift shipping ($200,000 beef a week_

1885 - Swift and Co. established

- control of competitors in the same industry

1870 - John D ROckefeller founds Standard Oil Company of Ohio

- bough 20 of 25 refineries of competitors in Cleveland

-founded in Ohio

 - absorbed or destroyed most of its competition in Cleveland in less than two months in 1872 and later throughout the northeastern United States.

- later widely criticized

-1889 Andrew Carnagie's philosophy that observed that the heirs of large fortunes wasted there money instead of letting it grow

-the accumulation of wealth by those who have the ability will benefit society

-wealthy should aid the poor and use portion of profits to aid the economy

-started in Ireland

-US Molly Maguire Society founded 1866

1870's -react to attempts by owners to supress organization efforts in coal mines in PA

-1874-75 - MAguires beat and kill opposition

-most arrested by 1878 and org. is finished

1879 -served 3 two year terms as mayor of Scranton

-elected to lead the Knights of Labor

-advocates a union including skilled and unskilled and of all religions and races

goals - temperance, education, land reform and abolition

-opposed the immigration of Chinese workers

- anarchists argue that government was used by rich to exploit the poor

-they want a stateless society through revolution by the masses

-European anarchists emigrate to US in last quarter of 19th century

1893 - Western Federation of Miners established at Butte, Montana

- WFM involved in violent confrontation with mine owners

1905 - IWW founded -Plan to replace state with Union

1913 - strike of silk workers fails at Paterson, NJ proving IWW powerless

-many cities controlled by political bosses who win votes through favors such as: jobs, gifts, education

-patronage positions in city gvmnt or agencies

-kickbacks from contractors for contracts to provide services

-inefficient mgmt of transit, paving, water, sewers, street lighting and police

1890 - New Bureau of Immigration of Federal Government oversees immigration

1892 - Allis Island opens

1st and 2nd class passengers do not go to Ellis

-immigrants examined -29 questions

-Labour agents at the dock

1878-1897 Frances Willard presided over WCTU

-largest organization of women in the world

-"make the whole worl homelike"

-women's club members active in political efforts introduce labour laws

1898 - NCL - Maud and Josephine Lowell

- NCL - "White Label" campaign/food sanitation

- Florence Kelly - NCL - publicize labour abuses, lobby for wage laws

(WTF?? this all makes no sense to me)

-during Gilded Age (1870-1890)

-immigrants, Catholics, southern whites

-Democratic Party increases with influx of Catholic and Jewish immigrants from eastern and southern Europe

-assasinated President James A Garfield on July 2nd, 1881

-executed by hanging

1866 - Dept. of Agriculture sent OHK on tour of post civil war south

-Kelley reported on isolation of farmer

1867 - kelley helps to found the Patrons of Animal Husbandry (The Grange) to teach new agricultural methods

-Republicans nominate William McKinley on gold standard

-Democrats nominate William Jennings Bryan after three hour speech

- Bryan traveled South and West speaking on free silver

-"You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold

1875 - Hawaii enters reciprocal trade agreement with US

- Hawaiian sugar duty free

-American sugar manufacturers settle in Hawaii

1887 - US naval base

1890- McKinley Tariff - all sugar duty free (2 cent subsidy/pound US sugar)

-economic crisis in Hawaii

-Queen Lilioukalani attempts to limit US influence in gvmt

- 1893 - Hawaii's whites sieze power and sent annexation treaty to US

- The Grange transforms from social and educational organization to farmer cooperatives

- chief goal to regulation prices charged by railroads and warehouses

1870's - Granger laws in many states on railroad rates

1887 - Congress passes TSB designed to provide drought victims with grain

-Cleveland-"though the people support the government, the government should not support the people."

1865 - Dec 6th

-officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime

10 of the 11 ex-Confederate States meet requirements for re-entry into Union

-Johnson declares "restoration"

1866 - Young men of Pulaski, Tennessee found "social club"

- costumes, secret rituals part of membership

-Klan use intimidation tactics against blacks and white republicans

-New Orleans 1892 - Plessy refuses to leave railcar designated for whites

- 1896 - Plessy vs. Ferguson case goes to the Supreme court

- courts majority opinion is written by Justice Henry Billings Brown

-segragation laws were generally if not universally recognized within competency of states legislatures

- Supreme Court Racial seperation was no discrimination if seperate but equal accomadations were provided

1874 - Col. George  A. Custer invades Black Hills to establish a post and confirm stories of gold

- thousands of miners illegally settle - Army insists Sioux leave hunting grounds

1876 - Ogala Sioux under Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull kill Col. Custer

Andrew Carnegie

1853 - he became personal secretary to Thomas Scott

- district super intendent of PA railroad

- founder of US Steel

- gave away most of his money to fund the establishment of many libraries, schools, and universities 

1873 - depression - Railroads cut wages

1877 - railroad cut wages another 20% - workers in West Virginia strike

-railroad workers across US strike in sympathy -service disupted

July 1877 - President Hayes sent federal troops to WV

Demonstrations from from Maryland to San Fran - over 100 killed

- $10 million in damaged property

Haymarket

1884 - Union organizers set May 1, 1886 as deadline for institution of 8 hour day

1886 May 1 - 340 000 workers strike

May 3 - Strike at McCormick Harvester in Chicago - 4 strikers killed by police

May 4 - Protest at Haymarket Square - Bomb thrown at police - 1 officer killed and 6 wounded - Police fire - 4 protestors killed

-blame associated with German language anarchist newspaper

- 7 anarchists executed for Haymarket

-popular distrust of labour groups?

1910 - opens in San Fran

- processing centre for tens of thousands of immigrants (mostly Chinese)

-30% of Chinese immigrants excluded

Leonara Marie Barry

1881 - Leonara Barry provides for family on 65 cents per week - unskilled mill job

1884 - Barry joins Knights of Labor - becomes nation's leading organizer of women workers

-supported temperance, safety legislation, abolition of child labour

1881 - Women shoemakers in Phiadelphia strike successfully against employers

- Pioneer Garfield Assembly formed

-Mary Stirling leader of Assembly presents herself as a delegate to Knights of Labor

-Powdrely declares women to be admitted equally

-Women members included - Mary Harris - (Mother Jones) speaker and organizer

-Cuban Revolutionary Party supports revolt from New York

-Leader Jose Marti returned to Cuba and died in skirmish with spanish troops

1896 - captured rebels put in detention camps - reported in US newspapers

1896 April 6 - Both houses recognize Cuban belligerents - urge peace on basis of Cuban independence

1876 - created the first practical telephone

- was the foundation of National Bell Telephone Co.

1900 - 1.35 million telephones in the United States

1877 - to encourage and promote the economic development of the arid and semiarid public lands of the Western US

- 640 acres of land to an adult married couple for $1.25/acre if they promise to irrigate it within three years

-only 320 acres allowed for single men

- cooperative scheme fails when Texas banks to refuse to accept Alliance notes

-Sub-treasury plan - farmers store crops in gvmnt warehouses in return for loans 

-allows farmer to wait for better price

1890 - COngress rejects Sub-treasury plan

- born in PA to parents who were political exiles

-migrated to Kansas, tought school, farmed, earned law-degree

-one of states first female lawyers

-1880's joined the Farmer's Alliance

-Republican Party divided into factions

Stalwarts - Roscoe Conkling NY - support Grant, radical southern policy and spoils system

Half-Breeds - James G. Blaine opposed Grant and Radical southern policy

1860 -dominant figure in the republican party

-secretary of state under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson

-engineered the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

-promotes annexation of Briticsh Columbia

-believes US should exercise commercial control of Pacific

-elected President by one electoral vote after the highly disputed election of 1876

1898 - PResdient McKinley issues statement on US access to China

1899 - Secretary of State John Hay sends note to European capitals proposing open trade with China

1) No interference with treaty ports

2) Permit Chinese tariff collectrion

3) No favours to nationals

1900 - CHinese Nationalists - "Fists of Righteous Harmony"

- Hay concerned about European dismemberment of China

1900 July 3 - Hay refines Open Door

-Preserve integrity/impartial trade

1900 - International expeditionary force including US troops quells Boxer Rebellion

-CHina to pay $333 million --- US receives $25 million

-Hay has support from England and Germany for Open Door Policy

1905 July 29 - a  secret diplomatic memorandum signed between US Secretary of War William Howard Taft and Prime Minister of Japan Katsura Taro

- was not a bilaterally signed document or secrety treaty, only a meeting memorandum meant to smooth over Japanese-Amrecian relations

-it was in Japan's best interest to have the Phillipines governed by the US

-Japan had to move into Korea in order stabalize East Asia and dissallow other powers to step in

- Filipino General, politician and independence leader.

- played large role in Phillippinne independence during the Phillipine Revolution against Spain, and the Phillipine-American War that resisted American occupation

-eventually pledged his allegiance to the US government

Anti-Imperialist League

founded June 15,1898 in Boston in opposition of the acquisition of the Phillipines by the US

-believed the expansion violated the Constitution

1890 - was detrimental to the American farmers

-placed most federal government employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system"

-the act provided for some government jobs to be filled on the basis of competitve exams

-didn't apply to state and local jobs that were the basis for political machines

1865 March - confederate congress authorizes use of slaves for the army

-president of the confederacy Jefferson Davis promises freedom for slaves who volunteer

-1865 March - Davis sends representatives to Britain; promises to abolish slavery

1865 April 9 - General Robert E. Lee surrenders at Appomattox courthouse

-radical republicans

1864 July - Senator Benjamin Wade and COngressman Henry Davis present plan

1) 50% of state's eligible voters swear to loyalty

2) state conventions must abolish slavery

3) Freed slaves to have equality before the law

-born in North Carolina

- military governor of Tennessee

1864 - vice president

1865 April - president

-at first appears to support strict terms for ex-confederate states

-Samuel Sheilabarger

- confederate states had forfeited all civil and political rights under the constitution

1866 June 16 - The 14th Amendment passed

1868 July 28 - Congress declared 14th amendment ratified by states

1) Ex-confederate officials excluded from office

2) Reduced representation in congress if no impartial male suffrage

3) confirmed citizenship for US born and naturalized

4) Equal protection under law

*Johnson vetoes act, congress overrides

1868 - Republicans pick Grant

-democrats nominate Horatio Seymour - Claimed reconstruction had destroyed the nation

1868 - Grant wins by 307 000 votes - 500 000 Black Republican voters in the south

-15th Amendment - prohibits deniel of vote on basis of race - ratified 1870

1865 - Washington Duke bankrupt purchases some tobacco plants for 50 cents

1872 - Duke Factory $125 000/yr

1884 - James B. Duke installs cigarette making machine in factory

1900 - American tobacco controls 80% of tobacco manufacturing in US

1890 - Mississippi calls constitutional convention to overturn voting provisions set by radical republican constitution in 1868

"MIssissippi Plan" for disenfranchisement set pattern that other southern states would follow over the next 20 years

- born a slave in VA in 1856 - worked in VA coal mines - educated at Hampton

1881 - Washington founds Tuskagee INstitute - education in industrial skills

Atlanta Compromise - blacks should accomodate themselves to segregation until they can prove their economic worth; in return, whites to provide education and job training blacks would need for independence

1887 - President to divide land of any tribe

-160 acres to each head of family

- Gvmt held land in trust for 25 years

1868 - employed in brokerage house

1877 - phonograph and 1879 light bulb

1882 - Edison Electric Co. supplies electricity to 85 customers in NYC

-perfects battery, mimeograph and motion picture

corporation - an association of individuals w/ legal rights and liabilities seperate from members

-seperation of ownership from mgmt

-capital raised by selling stock

-shareholders benefit from dividends on profits

-intent to ensure efficiency through mgmt of machines, workers, and marketing

-Frederick W. Taylor - The problem of "loafing"

-work rules introduced "Time is money"

- innovations in machinery

1885 - "Time Clock" appears in factories

- engineer Lyman Holley designed works

- elevated trains carry coal through the mill emilinating need for labours to shovel

-1880's - Carnegie's steel plants most advanced in the world

1900 - Carnagie virtually dictates price of steel across US

- travelling salesman after Civil War

- believes it is more eficient to reach customers by mail

1870's - Montgomery Ward Co. sells goods at 40% discount through mail order catalogues

1867 - established

-members from labour and reform groups

-GOALS: 8 hour days and cooperatives

-early 1870's NLU has more than 500 000 members

-depression of 1873 - NLU fades

- born in London - joined cigar makers union in 1864

- President of New York local in 1877

-cigar makers in craft-labour movement

-accepted wage system "We are fighting only for immediate objects"

-wages, hiring practices, workday

-child of working class immigrants - left school at 14 - worked for Indiana Railroad

-starts local of railroad brotherhood

-1890's - launches effort to organize all railroad workers

-1893 - Debs founds American Railway Union (ARU)

-Debs jailed after Pullman strike works to organize coalition of moderate reformers and MArxists

1897 - Debs organizes Social Democratic Party

1900 - Debs obtains 4000 votes as candidate

1889 - Hull HOuse Chicago est. by Jane Addams

-health clinics, kindergartens, banks provided

pressure gvmt for housing, juvenile courts, labour laws 

-critics - settlement houses - social control

- Knights of Labor urge workplace cooperation as alternative to wage system

-Chicago seemstresses fired for joining parade for shorter hours

-seamstresses est. work owned Our Girls Garment Shop

1890 - National Women Suffrage Association and Women's Christian TEmperance Union merge

-Elizabeth C. Stanton - president

AMerican Women's Suffrage Association - Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe

- General Federation brought together 200 clubs - YWCA , New England Women's Club

1900 - 15 000 members

-focus on self-improvement and reform for working men

-many clubs support child labour laws, factory safety, food and drug laws and suffrage

- part of the NCL - NAtional Consumer's League - women's club members active in political efforts introduce labour laws

Kelley - published labour abuses, lobby for wage wars

Mark Twain and CHarles D. Warner - "The Gilded Age"

-Theme of novel - Post Civil War years were an age of corruption and false glitter

Woodrow Wilson - "No leaders, no principles; no principles, no parties"

- vice president 1880 election, president in 1881 after Garfield is assassinated

-investigation of "Star Route Frauds" - kickbacks on postal routes

1882 - vetoes $18 million river and harbours bill

1883 - Pendleton Civil Service Act - some federal jobs to be filled through written exams NOT by patronage

1887 - Railroads to establish reasonable rates and cannot enter into pods, railroads to file rate schedules w/ gvmt

-Interstate Commerce COmmision to administer act

- courts to enforce it

Senator John Sherman

1890 - Treasury to purchase $4.5 million in silver each month

- Grassroots organization representing marginal farmers - tenant farmers

-Strong in South - 1880 - 4 million members

- collective action to deal with indebtedness, declining prices, and drought

-establishment of coooperatives, stores, banks and processing plants

-success of alliances led many to consider information of a third national political party

1891 - conference held in Cincinnati - farm, labour, and reform dellegates

1892 - National Convention called to elect candidates and set platform

Johnson's Plan:

1) Presidential/ Executive Reconstruction

2)Southerners to take loyalty oath to regain property and voting rights

3) confederate officials and owners of $20 000 taxable property excluded but could apply directly to the pres. for a pardon

- with southern members excluded, congress establishes Joint Committee of Reconstruction

-9 members from House and 6 from senate

- headed by moderate Senator William P. Fessenden

-commitee hears from witnesses on situation in the south, Radicals gain support

- 1867 March 1

1) South divided into 5 military districts

2) State constitutional conventions elected by universal manhood suffrage

3) state legislatures to ratify the 14th Amendment and state constitutions must guarentee block voting rights

4) Congress to approve state constitutions

1870-1871 - passed in an effort to stop illegal activities of KKK and other terrorists groups

1) Penalties for interference w/ a citizens right to vote

 2) Election of congressmen supervised by federal officials

3) Wearing of Disguises, resisting officers, and intimidating officials outlawed.

1890's - Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck est. store in Minneanapolis

1895 - Sears moves to Chicago

1897 - Sears - Roebuck Catalogue was 786 pages long --- published in german, Swedish, and English

1850's - Bessemer Process - efficient removal of impurities

-1868 - Abraham S. HEwitt - open health process

1870's - new iron furnaces - 500 tons of steel/week - demand for steel - locomotives, rails, girders for construction. new sources of iron - Michigan, Minnesota and Birmingham

1860 - US produces 13 000 tons of steel - 1880-1.4 million tonnes

 1872 - Carnegie buys out Homestead Steel WOrks and launches J. Edgar Thompson Steel Works

*vertical and horizontal integration

1870 - he incorporated various interests at Standard Oil Co.

1872 - he creates South Iprovement Co. agent for shipment at reduced rate

Daniel McCallum - Superintendent of NY and Erie

1) Roots - President and board of directors

2) Branches - divisions (Production, Transportation,

Sales, Purchases, and Accounting)

3) Leaves - crews and agents

- born is MAssachusettes in 1868 - first African American to earn PhD at Harvard

1903 - Souls of Black Folk - Du Bois promoted education, self-help and black pride and attacked Washington's Atlanta Compromise

1910 - Du Bois co-founder of National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP)

-Southern states ensure votes for white illiterates

Mississippi - "Understanding Claus" - an "understanding" of the constitution allows illiterate whites to vote

- Atlanta pharmacist mixes cola nuts, caffiene, cocoa-leaves---- Coca-Cola

-1889 - Pemberton sells rights to Asa Chandler

1890's - Coca-Cola has national market

- Georgia Baptist warns "the more you drink, the more you want to drink"

1868 - Uriah Stephens - Baptist - believed connection between labour religion

1873 - first district assembly in Philly

1878 - Knights become a national organization

PLATFORM: cooperatives, equal pay for equal work, no convict labour, 8 hour day, and supported prohibition of alcohol

1886 - American Federation of Labor established - Gompers president - represents 15 000 workers - most women, blacks, and recent immigrants

-Gompers supports 8 hr. day or strike

-May 1st, 1886 -Haymarket

1901 - 1 million members

1893 - Depression - Pullman lays off 3000 employees

1893/94 - winter - Pullman cuts wages 25%

1894 - ARU members strike

-Pullman refuses arbitration - railroad workers in 27 states refuse to handle Pullman cars

-traffic from Chicago to the Pacific paralyzed

1879 - James Ware

-2 toilets per floor

-15 families per floor

Disease - tuberculosis and others

1900 - 25% of children born in US cities do not reach first birthday

- introduction of mass transit and automobile allows for sommuter suburbs for middle classes

-suburbanization takes the form of sprawl without planning

-after Civil War - affluent move out of city

1873 - Chicago - 100 suburbs - Eventually connected by railroads and streetcars to downtown

-1887 - Henry Bowes - APA founded to keep schools and communities free from Jesuit control

1893 - Depression

1894 - APA membership reported to be 500 000

-APA sets anti-immigration program to provide:

1) More stringent naturalization

2)Restrictions on immigration

3) Restrictions on employment

4) MAndatory "American Language" classes

1903 - Middle and working class women work to improve pay and working conditions

Opposition = Political machine bosses, corporations, brewing and liquor interests

During GIlded Age.. Party supporters= Protestants, Blacks, and Union Veterans

-NEw England, NEw York, and Upper Mid-West strongholds

-influence of "know-nothings" - NAtivism

-prohibitionism

1880 - Hayes refuses to run for re-election

-Garfield (Half-Breed) nominated for president and Chester A. Arthur (Stalwart) for vice president

-Democrats nominate Winfield Scott Hancock

Garfield Wins - Arthur Vice President

Garfield upsets Stalwarts with appointments

1881 July 1 - Garfield shot at Washington Rail by Charles Guiteau

-Democrats select Cleveland in 1884 as reform governor of NY, wins by 30 000 votes

-Believed in... limited role for government in economy, opposed Tammany Hall, supports lower tariffs

1887 December - Cleveland asks Congress to reduce tariffs

-Cleveland is first Democratic pres. since James Buchanan in 1856

Mid 1880's - 15 western and southern states had passed laws prohibiting combinations that restricted competition

1889 - 1890 - Republicans control both houses of congress

1890 - Sen. John Sherman introduces Sherman Anti-Trust Act - forbids contracts, combinators to establish monopolies in interstate or foreign countries

*Anti-Trust actions more common during Wilsons Presidency

Charles W. Macune

1887 - Charles W. Macune

- Alliance President supports cooperative plan

Coxey - Ohio quarry owner turned populist

1894 May 1 - Coxey led unemployed men in a march on Washington for unemployment relief

-COxey arrested - fear of "Hayseed socialists"

1858 - born, grew up in Manhattan - Harvard Grad

-wins election to NY legislature

1886 - RAn for mayor of NY but loses - 6 years as civil service commisioner

1897 - Assistant Commisioner of Navy

1898/99 - famous for leading the Rough Riders

1900 - Republican McKinley elected, Roosevelt VP

1901 - Sept 6 - McKInley assasinated by Leon Czolgosz

-Roosevelt's presidency as "bully pulpit"

- at 43, youngest president

-wide range of experience in public affairs

1901 - Hay Ponceforte Treaty - US negotiates with Britain to establish canal by mutual consent

CANAL CONSTRUCTION:

1903 - US signs treaty for canal with new Panama gvmt

Canal price is $40 million and 250 000 per year

1914 - Canal completed

1898 July 25 - US forces take Puerto Rico

1900 - Appointed governor - elected House of delegates

1916 - Puerto Ricans US citizens

1952 - Puerto Rico commonwealth - unique status

1897 - McKinley enters office - promise of independence for Cuba?

1898 January 25 - BAttleship Maine pays courtesy call, docks in Havana

1898 February 15 - Maine explodes killing 266

Influence of Sea Power in History

-Economic dvlpmt requires navy and colonies

-1890

American Political ideas

-John Fiske

-Anglo Saxon race lead to worlds people

-1885