Term
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Definition
| kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra |
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Term
| functions of the urinary system |
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Definition
-Maintains purity of blood and other body fluids by disposing of waste products
-Urea
-Uric acid
-Creatinine
-Regulates blood volume and chemical makeup |
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Term
functions of urinary system:
Urea |
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Definition
| from breakdown of amino acids from normal protein recycling |
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Term
functions of urinary system:
Uric acid |
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Definition
| from nucleic acrid turnover |
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Term
functions of urinary system:
Creatinine |
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Definition
| formed by the breakdown of creatine phosphate (which stores energy for ATP formation) |
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Term
| Kidneys - External gross anatomy |
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Definition
-Red-brown, bean shaped
-Retroperitoneal
-Right kidney is slightly inferior to left (liver)
-Lateral surface is convex, medial is concave
~Hilum
-Renal capsule
-Cushioning by fat layers |
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Term
kidneys - External gross anatomy:
Hilum |
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Definition
| area where blood vessels, nerves pass |
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Term
Kidneys - External Gross Anatomy
Renal capsule |
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Definition
| surrounds each kidney (dense CT layer), maintains shape |
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Term
| Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy |
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Definition
-Cortex
~renal corpuscles (filters)
~renal columns
-medulla
~medullary (renal)pyramids
-lobes
-renal sinus
~renal pelvis
~Calyx |
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Term
Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy:
renal columns |
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Definition
| extend into inner region and seprate pyramids |
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Term
Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy:
medulla |
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Definition
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Term
Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy:
medulary (renal) pyramid |
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Definition
| base and apex (papilla); are striated (groups of nephrons) |
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Term
Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy:
lobes |
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Definition
| pyramid + cortical tissue |
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Term
Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy:
renal sinus |
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Definition
space in medial portion of kidney, opening to hilum
~contians renal vessels, nerves, fat, renal pelvis, and calices
~renal pelvis
~Calyx |
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Term
Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy:
renal pelvis |
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Definition
| flat tube, superior portion of ureter |
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Term
Kidneys - Internal gross anatomy:
Calyx |
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Definition
| extension of renal pelvis, major or minor (cup-shaped tubes that surround papillae (apex) of the pyramids) |
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Term
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Definition
-Kidneys cleanse blood, so they have a rich blood supply
-Arteries
-Veins |
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Term
blood supply to kidneys:
Arteries |
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Definition
-Abdominal aorta branches laterally to form renal aa.s
-Renal aa.s divide into segmental aa.s which enter the hilum
-Segmental aa.s divide into interlobar aa.s within the renal sinus which then travel through the renal columns |
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Term
blood supply to kidneys:
Veins |
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Definition
-Trace the aa. pathway backwards
-EXCEPT there are no segmental veins
-Interlobar vv.s drain into renal vv.s which dump into the inferior vena cava |
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Term
| nervous supply to kidneys |
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Definition
-Provided by the renal plexus
~Autonomic fibers and ganglia
-Sympathetic fibers control the diameters of renal aa.s and influence urine-formation function |
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Term
| kidneys - micrscopic anatomy |
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Definition
-nephron
-produces urine by
~filtration
~reabsoption
~secretion |
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Term
Kidneys – Microscopic Anatomy:
nephron |
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Definition
-structural and functional unit of the kidney
~Crowded together in kidney
~Surrounded by loose CT (interstitial CT) |
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Term
kidneys- microscopic anatomy:
filtration |
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Definition
| blood filtrate enters nephron from capillaries |
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Term
kidneys - microscopic anatomy
reabsorption |
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Definition
| nutrients, water, ions are returned to blood vessels |
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Term
kidneys - microscopic anatomy
secretion |
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Definition
| undesired substances move from blood to urine |
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Term
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Definition
-Two parts
~Renal corpuscle
~Renal tubule |
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Term
Nephron:
Renal Corpuscle (filtration) |
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Definition
-Located in cortex
-Glomerulus: “ball” of capillaries w/ many pores
~Surrounded by glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule), with capsular space
~Has filtration membrane: filterbetween blood and capsular space |
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Term
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Definition
-Proximal Convuluted tubule
~Located in renal cortex
~Have microvilli to help resorb ions, water and solutes
-Nephron loop (extends into medulla)
~Descending limb
*Thin segment (narrowest part of nephron)
-Ascending limb
~Portion of thin segment
~Thick segment |
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Term
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Definition
-Distal convoluted tubule
-Collecting ducts
-These two structures together conserve body fluids. ADH increases their permeability and water is resorbed by surrounding structures. |
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Term
nephron tubule:
distal convoluted tubule |
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Definition
-Located in renal cortex
-Performs some reabsorption and secretion |
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Term
nephron:
collecting ducts |
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Definition
-Receives urine from several nephrons
-Goes through cortex into deep medulla eventually empty into minor calices |
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Term
| nephron classes (divided based on location) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-located mostly in cortex (loop of henle extends into medulla)
-85% of the kidneys nephrons |
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Term
nephron classes:
Juxtamedullary |
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Definition
-Renal corpuscles are located at cortex-medulla border; have long loops of Henle
-Remaining 15% which allow for production of concentrated urine |
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Term
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Definition
-One per kidney
-Carry urine from kidneys to bladder
-Begins as a continuation of the renal pelvis and runs retroperitoneally through abdomen and enters pelvis to get to bladder
-Enters bladder obliquely (prevents backflow) |
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Term
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Definition
-mucosa
-muscularis
-adventitia |
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Term
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Definition
| transitional epithelium and lamina propria |
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Term
ureters layers:
Muscularis |
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Definition
| inner longitudinal and outer circular layer |
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Term
ureters layer:
Adventitia |
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Definition
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Term
| how the ureters bring urine to the bladder |
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Definition
-Distention causes contraction (peristaltic waves)
~Urine doesn’t reach the bladder just by gravity |
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Term
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Definition
-Collapsible, distensible, and muscular sac
-Stores and eliminates urine |
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Term
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Definition
-Inferior to peritoneal cavity, posterior to public symphysis
~Males: anterior to rectum
~Females: anterior to vagina and uterus |
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Term
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Definition
-Transitional epithelium and lamina propria
-Muscular layer (detrusor mm)
-Adventia |
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Term
| urinary bladder storage amount |
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Definition
| Full bladder holds ~1 pint of urine |
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Term
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Definition
-Thin-walled tube, drains urine from bladder out of body
-Composed of smooth muscle and inner layer of mucosa
-Internal urethral sphincter
-External urethral sphincter
-The female urethra is much shorter than the male urethra |
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Term
Urethra:
Internal urethral sphincter |
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Definition
| located between bladder and urethra, involuntary control |
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Term
urethra:
External urethral sphincter |
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Definition
| located at distal end of urethra, voluntary control |
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Term
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Definition
-Emptying the bladder
-Detrusor muscle contracts, assisted by abdominal wall muscles
-Controlled by brain
~Urine accumulates, bladder wall stretches and activates stretch receptors, sensory signals sent to pons, parasympathetic neurons signal detrusor muscle to contract
-incontinence |
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Term
Micturition:
Incontinence |
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Definition
| inability to control micturition |
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Term
| Blood > renal corpuscle > proximal convoluted tubule > loop of Henle > distal convoluted tuble > collecting tubule (duct) > papillary duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > bladder > urethra > micturition |
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Definition
| Blood > renal corpuscle > proximal convoluted tubule > loop of Henle > distal convoluted tuble > collecting tubule (duct) > papillary duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > bladder > urethra > micturition |
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Term
| disorders of urinary system |
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Definition
-Renal calculi (kidney stones)
-Pyelitis
-Pyelonephritis
-Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) |
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Term
Urinary system disorders:
Renal Calculi (kidney stones) |
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Definition
-minerals in urine crystallize
-most can pass, but some become too big adn obstruct a ureter |
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Term
Urinary system disorders:
pyelitis |
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Definition
| infection of renal pelvis and calices |
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Term
urinary system disorders:
pyelonephritis |
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Definition
| infection of entire kidney |
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Term
urinary system disorders:
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) |
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Definition
–genetic disorder
~cysts (fluid-filled sacs) form and enlarger
~no obvious symptoms until age 30-40 |
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