Term
|
Definition
| 2nd major controlling system of the body. With the nervous system, it helps coordinate and integrate the activity of the body's cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messengers, released into the blood to be transported throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organs that respond to a particular hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organs that respond to a particular hormone |
|
|
Term
| adenohypophysis/ anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| secretes six main hormones (TSH, FSH LH, ACTH, GH, PRL, MSH, endorphins, and lipotropin): a lobe hanging off the sphenoid bone, master endocrine gland, release of its hormones is controlled by neurosecretions |
|
|
Term
| adenohypophysis/ anterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| secretes six main hormones (TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL), a lobe hanging off the sphenoid bone |
|
|
Term
| neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary |
|
Definition
| not really a gland, just a nerve bundle that stores, but two hormones come off of it. (Oxytocin, ADH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hormone which stimulates an organ to produce another hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin: follicle stimulating hormone, causes mitotic division of a spermatogonium to produce one spermatogonium and one primary spermatocyte. Females: causes one or more of the follicles to undergo maturation q. 28 days. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gonadotropin: Leutinizing hormone. AKA interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), in males, prompts the interstitial cells/Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which acts synergistically with FSH to stimulate sperm production. Females: LH transforms the ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum, which porduces progesterone and estrogen, which inhibit FSH. As FSH declines, its stimulatory effect on follicular production of estrogens ends, and estrogen blood levels bein to decline. triggered by estrogen levels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenocorticotropc hormone, regulates the endocrine activity of the cortext portion of the adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone, or thyrotropin: influences the growth and activity of teh thyroid gland. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth Hormone: a general metabolic hormone that plays an important role in determining body size. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of GH causes giantism in children and adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prolactin: stimulates breat development and promotes and maintains lactation by the mammary glands after childbirth. May stim. testosterone production in males. |
|
|
Term
| hypophyseal portal system |
|
Definition
| feeds the circulatory needs of the anterior pituitary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone: stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth and coitus and also causes milk ejection in the lactating mother. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antidiuretic hormone: causes the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb more water from the urinary filtarte, thereby reducing urine output and conserving body water. Also plays a minor role in increasing blood pressure because it vasoconstricts a little on the arterioles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by hyposecretion of ADH results in dehydration from excessive urine output. People with this condition experience insatiable thirst. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilobed gland joined by a cental mass (isthmus), located in the throat. produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormone: 2 active hormones: T3/T4. It controls the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyposecretion of T3/T4 leads to a condition of mental and physical sluggishness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AKA Thyrocalcitionin: decreases blood calium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in the bones. Acts antagonistically to parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Secretes PTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hormone: the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood. when blood calcium is too low. releases calcium from the bone and makes the kidney reabsorb more calcium. also stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin D. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged muscle spasms, which can result from hyposecretion of PTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sit on top of kidneys, produces epinephrine, norepinephrine, and the cortex produces aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled by sympathetic nervous system, produces epi and norepi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aldosterone, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from adrenal cortex: mineralcorticosteroid, regulates water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenal cortex. cortisone, hydrocortisone, and corticosterone: enables the body to resist long-term stressors, primarily by increasing blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sex hormones: by adrenal cortex: chiefly androgens and some estrogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids produces abnormal hairiness and masculinization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located behind the stomach in the abdomen, an endocrine and exocrine gland, produces digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormone: released when there are elevated blood glucose levels, which decreases the levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyposecretion of insulin or deficiency in the insulin, characterized by the inability of body cells to utilize glucose and the subsequent loss of glucose in the urine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of insulin, causing low blood sugar. symptoms: anxiety, nervousness, tremors, and weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts antagonistically to insulin. releases when there's low blood sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sex glands: ovaries and testes. Produce estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics of the female at puberty, and act w/ progesterone to bring about cyclic changes of teh uterine lining that occur during the menstural cycle. Also help prepare the mammary glands for lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy it maintains the uterine musculature in a quiescent state and helps to prepare the breast tissue for lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| promotes the maturation of the reproductive system accessory structures, brings about the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, and is responsible for sexual drive or libido. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bilobed gland on the superior thorx, produces tymosin and thymopoietin |
|
|
Term
| thymosin and thymopoietin |
|
Definition
| help direct the maturation and specialization of a unique population of white blood cells call T lymphocytes or T cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locatedc on the roof of the third ventricle of the brain, produces melatonin |
|
|
Term
| (micro)follicles (thyroid) |
|
Definition
| spherical sacs containing a pink-stained material (colloid), |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (micro) thyroid: stored T3/T4 are attached to the protein colloidal material stored in the follicles as thryoglobulin, and released gradually to the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells between the follicles responsible for calcitonin production |
|
|
Term
| (micro) chief cells (parathyroid glands) |
|
Definition
| synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH), are small and abundant, and arranged in thick branching cords. |
|
|
Term
| (micro) oxyphil cells (Parathyroid) |
|
Definition
| scattered, larger cells in parathyroid |
|
|
Term
| (micro) pancreatic islets |
|
Definition
| roughly circular, islets of langerhans, the endocrine portions of the pancreas. They usually stain lighter than the other cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancreas: tend to cluster near the periphery of the islets, have a more clear appearance when dyed. Produce glucagon, appear bright pink |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pancreas: synthesize insulin, larger cells and stain gray-blue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pituitary gland: reddish brown stained, which produce growth hormone and prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pituitary: deep lue granules responsible for the production of the tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pituitary: the third cellular population, do not take up the stain and appear rather dull and colorless. not directly involved in hormone production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior pituitary: glial cells which are randomly distributed among the nerve fiber. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenal gland: outermost layer, where most minalocorticoid production occurs and where the tightly packed cells are arranged in spherical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adrenal gland: intermediate layer, produces glucocorticoids. the thickest part of the of the cortex. Its cells are arranged in parallel cords. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenal gland: innermost cortical zone, produces sex hormones and some glucocorticoids. The cells stain intensely and form a branching network. |
|
|
Term
| vesicular (Graafian) follicle |
|
Definition
| Ovary: a circular arrangement of cells enclosing a central cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovary: a large amorphous-looking area that produces progesterone, and some estrogens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Testis: produce testosterone, scattered between the seminiferous tubules in the connective tissue matrix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function: to perpetuate the species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| essential organs of reproduction, the testes and ovaries, which produce the germ cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary reproductive organs of the male, have both an exocrine (sperm production) and endocrine (testosterone production) function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the testes lie, outside the abdominopelvic cavity, temperature is 94 degrees F, slightly lower than body temperature, a requirement for producing viable sperm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an accessory structure of the duct system, an elongated structure running up the posterolateral aspect of the testis and capping its superior aspect. forms the first portion of the duct system and provides a site for immature sperm entering it from the testis to complete their maturation process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm duct, arches superiorly from the epididymis, passes through the infuinal canal into the pelvic cavity. Is enclosed along with blood vessels and nerves in a connective tissue sheath called the spermatic cord. the end of it enlarges to form the ampulla. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood vessels, nerves, the ductus deferens in a connective tissue sheath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enlarged end of the ductus deferens, which empties into the ejaculatory duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where the ampulla empties, leads to the prostatic urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm is propelled and released from the ejaculatory duct through the glans penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| canal for both sperm and urin within the prostate, which empties into the membranous urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| between the prostatic and spongy urethra, surrounded by the urogenital diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urethra within the penis aka "penile urethra." Runs through the length of the penis to the body exterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small incision in the vas deferens, procedure for sterility in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| includes the prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and the bulbourethral glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by accessory glands, the liquid medium in which sperm leave the body. 60% is from the seminal vesicles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 60% of seminal fluid. Produces a viscous alkaline secretion containing fructos and other substances to nourish the sperm. They lie at the posterior wall of the urinary bladder close to the terminus of the ductus deferens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encircles the urethra just inferior to the bladder, secretes a milky fluid into the urethra, which plays a role in activating the sperm |
|
|
Term
| hypertrophy of the prostate gland |
|
Definition
| a troublesom condition commonly seen in elderly men, constricts the urethra so that urination is difficult |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tiny, pea-shaped flands inferior to the prostate, produce a thick, clear, alkaline mucus that drains into the membranous urethra. It acts to wash residual urine out of the urethra when ejaculation occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm plus seminal fluid, the alkalinity buffers the sperm agains the acidity of the female reproductive tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| copulatory organ of the male, to bring semen to the female reproductive tract. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlarged tip of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cicular fold of skin around the glans penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the three cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis engorge with blood during sexual excitement. The penis becomes rigid and enlarged to penetrate better. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the paired dorsal cylinders in the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventral cylinder which surrounds the penile urethra. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SEVEN UP: Seminal vesicle, Epididymus, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory duct, (Nothing), Urethra, Penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "white tunic:" dense connective tissue capsule which covers each testis, extends into the testis and divde it into lobes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sperm forming factories, highly coiled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tubes from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lie between the seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone. exocrine: eggs, endocrine: estrogens and progesterone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| external genitalia (vulva) (female) |
|
Definition
| mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, hymen, and greater vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rounded fatty eminence overlying the pubis symphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongated, pigmented, hair-covered skin folds. homologous to the scrotum of the male, covering folds beneath |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enclosed by labia minora, contains the clitoris, urethral orifice, and vaginal orifice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diamond-shaped region between the anterior end of the labial fold, the ischial tuberosities laterally, and the anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like the male penis: highly sensitive erectile tissue, hooded by the labia minora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partially closes the vaginal opening, thin fold of mucous membrane |
|
|
Term
| greater vestibular glands |
|
Definition
| lubricate the distal end of the vagina during coitus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10cm from the vestibule to the uterus. copulatory organ and birth canal and permits passage of the menstrual flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situated between the bladder and the rectum, muscular organ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| body (female reproductive) |
|
Definition
| the major portion of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior rounded region above the entrance of teh uterine tubes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a fertilized egg may implant in a uterine tub or even on the abdominal viscera. usually unsuccessful, may endanger the mother's life as well. |
|
|
Term
| functional layer/stratum functionalis |
|
Definition
| in the endometrium, thick mucosal lining of the uterus, sloughs off periodically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sloughing off process of endometrium |
|
|
Term
| basal layer/stratum basalis |
|
Definition
| deep layer of endometrium which forms a new funtionalis after menstruation ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10 cm long, extend from the uterus toward the ovaries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| funnel-shaped, fingerlike projections at the ends of the uterine tubes |
|
|
Term
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
|
Definition
| can be caused by STDs, widespread inflammations of the pelvic viscera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fold that encloses the uterine tubes and uterus and secures them to the lateral body walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the broad ligament specifically anchoring the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous cords that run fromt he uterus to the labia majora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| course posteriorly to the sacrum, help attach the uterus to the body wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supports the ovaries medially, extends from the uterus to the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral support for ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posteriorly supports the ovary by a fold of the broad ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ejection of a mature egg from the ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle layer in the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attached to pectoral muscles by connective tissue and surrounded by fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigmented area surrounding nipple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each gland has 15-25, separated by fibrous connective tissue and adipose. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces milk during lactation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pass milk towards the nipple |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an expanded storage chamber for milk |
|
|
