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Definition
| The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or in some cases, RNA's that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs... the proteins link the genotype to the phenotype. |
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| Are those that contain the minimum nutrients possible for colony growth (the wild type) |
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| Consist of the minimal medium supplemented with all 20 amino acids and a few other nutrients. |
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| One gene-one enzyme hypothesis |
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Definition
| States that the function of a gene is to dictate the production of a specific enzyme.... (was later alter to one gene-one protein since not all proteins are enzymes and proteins are gene products)(even later changed to one gene- one polypeptide hypothesis) |
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| The bridge between DNA and protein Synthesis? |
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Definition
| The nucleic acid RNA (has Uracil rather than thymine... it is usually only one strand) |
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| The two major stages to get protein from DNA? |
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Definition
| Transcription and translation (occur in all organisms) |
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Definition
| Is the synthesis of RNA using information in the DNA |
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| Messenger RNA... carries genetic message from the DNA to the protein synthesizing machinery of the cell |
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Definition
| Is the synthesis of a polypeptide using the information in the mRNA... can be viewed as three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination |
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Definition
| Site of translation... complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains. |
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| Transcription to translation: Bacteria cells vs Eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
| In bacteria cells, there is no nuclear envelope, translation is allow to occur while transcription is still occuring. In eukaryotic cells, the RNA is called pre-mRNA after it has been transcribed. It requires processing before it can leave the nucleus, at this point it is called mRNA. It can then be transported to the cytoplasm where transcription can occur. |
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Definition
| The initial RNA transcript from any gene |
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Definition
| A genetic information system in which a set of three nucleotide-long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains |
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Definition
| Only one of the two DNA strands is transcribed... it provides the template for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript |
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Definition
| nucleotide triplets... a set of three nucleotides... are the templates for amino acids. |
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Definition
| Mark the end of translation.... (there is also a initiation codon, AUG) |
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Definition
| On a mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis |
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Definition
| pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotide complementary to the DNA template strand, thus elongating the RNA polynucleotide... no primer is required... bacteria have a single type of RNA polymerase, Eukaryotes have at least 3 types (the type for mRNA synthesis is RNA polymerase II) |
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Definition
| The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches, and initiates transcription. |
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Definition
| The sequence that signals the end of transcription (in bacteria) |
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Definition
| the stretch of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule. |
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Definition
| In eukaryotes... mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription |
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| Transcription initiation complex |
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Definition
| The whole complex of transition factors and RNA polymerase II bound to the promoter. |
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Definition
| A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex. |
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Term
| Polyadenylation signal sequence |
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Definition
| Which codes for a polyadenylation signal (AAUAAA) in the pre-mRNA. At a point about 10-35 nucleotides downstream from the AAUAAA signal, proteins associated with the growing RNA transcript cut it free from the polymerase, releasing the pre-mRNA. |
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Definition
| Both ends of the primary transcript are altered... the interior can also undergo changes (sections removed) |
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Definition
| a modified form of Guanine (G) nucleotide added onto the 5' end after transcription of the first 20-40 nucleotides. |
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Definition
| At the 3' end, an enzyme adds 50-250 more Adenine (A) nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| After synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA, and the joining together of the remaining portions... Exons are joined together and leave the nucleus as mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions. |
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Definition
| These regions are usually expressed, usually by being translated into amino acid sequences... Exception to that, the UTR regions |
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Definition
| almost as big as a ribosome... it interacts with certain sites along the intron, releasing the intron (which rapidly degrades) and joins together the two exons |
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Definition
| RNA molecules that function as enzymes... an example is an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing |
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Definition
| A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. |
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Definition
| Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete structural and functional regions called Domains. |
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Definition
| (transfer RNA)...an RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA. (made in the nucleus).... can be used repeatedly... can fold upon itself, forming a 3-d structure (due to areas that are complementary on its strand)(roughly an L shape) |
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Definition
| a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| correctly match up the tRNA to amino acid.... it only fits a specific tRNA to a specific amino acid... 20 types of synthases (one for each amino acid)... the attachment of an amino acid to tRNA is driven by the hydrolysis of ATP (the product is called a charged tRNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| Flexibility in the base pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5' end of the tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3' end) of a codon.... U is allowed to pair with either A or G in this case. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribsomes... they are the most abundant type of RNA.... made up of a large and small subunit that only form a functional ribosome only when attached to an mRNA molecule. |
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Term
| P-site (peptidyl-tRNA binding site) |
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Definition
| Holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain |
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| A site (aminoacyl-tRNA binding site) |
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Definition
| holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the chain. |
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Definition
| Where the discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. |
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Term
| Initiation stage of translation |
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Definition
| Brings together mRNA, a tRNA (w the first amino acid), and the two subunits of a ribosome.... the small ribosome first binds to mRNA and the initiator tRNA (which carries methionine). the tRNA then binds to the start codon of the mRNA. Then the large ribosome subunit attaches, the translation initiation complex is now formed (initiation factors are required to bring all these together). Energy for this comes from the hydrolysis of GTP. The tRNA is in the P site and the A site is empty. |
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Term
| Elongation stage of translation |
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Definition
| amino acids are added one by one to the previous amino acid at the C-terminus of the growing chain... each addition involves the participation of several proteins called elongation factors (this is a three step cycle... Codon recognition (requires GTP), peptide bond formation (bonds the amino acids of the tRNA in the P and A sites... Passes the growing chain from the tRNA in a P site to the one in the A site.) and Translocation the tRNA are move to the next site...mRNA moves with the tRNA.. the tRNA that is in the E site is released... this requires GTP) |
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Term
| Termination stage of translation |
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Definition
| Elongation will go until the stop codon of mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome (UAG, UAA, UGA code for termination). a release factor is used to release the polypeptide chain... 2 GTP are used to break apart the two ribosomal subunits. |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein shaped like an aminoacyl tRNA, bind directly to the stop codon in the A site. It causes the addition of a water molecule instead of an amino acid to the polypeptide chain. This reaction releases the polypeptide chain from the tRNA in the P site. |
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Definition
| a group of several ribosomes attached to (and translating), the same mRNA molecule |
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| Post translational modifications |
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Definition
| May be required before the protein can begin doing its particular job in the cell. |
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Definition
| A sequence of about 20 amino acids at of near the leading amino end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell. |
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Term
| Signal-recognition particle (SRP) |
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Definition
| A protein RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum by binding to a receptor protein of the ER. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small scale mutations of one or a few nucleotide pairs... changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene... Occurs in gametes or germ cells... (if it has a negative effect it is called a genetic disorder) |
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Term
| Nucleotide-pair substitutions |
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Definition
| The replacement of one nucleotide and ts partner with another pair of nucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in a nucleotide pair may transform one codon into another that is translated into the same amino acid... has no observable effect on the phenotype. |
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Definition
| Substitutions that change one amino acid to another one. |
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Definition
| A point mutation that changes a codon for an amino acid into a stop codon.... typically lead to a nonfunctional protein. |
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Definition
| Are addition or losses of nucleotide pairs in a gene... these mutations have disastrous effect on the resulting proteins more often than substitutions do. |
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Definition
| due to insertions/deletions... alters the reading frame of the genetic message... occurs when the insertion/deletion is not a multiple of three |
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Definition
| Incorrect bases (due to uncorrected mutations/errors) will provide a template for the next round of replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation. |
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