Term
| U.S. Foreign Policy towards Latin America 1914-1932 |
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Definition
| Woodrow Wilson conducted nilitary/diplomatic interventions south of the boarder. Under laying fear that political revolution, social instability, and financial collaspe in Caribbean region would tempt Europe powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| August 5, 1914 trasferred superviory authority over finances of that nation from American private banking interests to a commission controled directly from Washington. Helped Nicaraguan regime to reduce public debt in return to exclusive concession to construct trans-Ishmian canal. |
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Term
| Foreign investors in Latin American countries in 1914 |
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Definition
| American investment south of the boarder increased from $320 million to $1.7 billion with Mexico and Cuban foreign trade and financial relations of republics still centered on Europe. Britian main source of foreign capital for Latin American France become major investors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Military expidition into Mexican interior in pursuit of the 'bandit' leader, Pancho Villa. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1919, authorized for the first time the establishment of foreign branches of American banking institutions. Afforded American investors direct access to the money markets of the various Latin American states. |
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Term
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Definition
| Southern republics endeavor to secure acceptance by the U.S. which asserted the principle of a covereign state's absolute immunity from external intervention and recognized the judicial system of the host nation as the final authority in disputes invovling foreign citizens or corporations. |
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Term
| U.S. and Latin American in WWI |
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Definition
| Latin American states refused to follow the lead of the U.S. in WWI. Though British Dominions rallied to the side of their mother country. Only 8 of 20 Latin American republics declared was on Germany. |
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Term
| U.S., Britian, and Latin America, 1914-1932 |
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Definition
| All Latin American republics joined the Leauge of Nations. Though it signified a defiant repudation of the United State's conception of a self-enclosed, inter-American security system. Latin America empty Leauge as a counter weight to U.S. power in the western world but was unsuccessful. U.S. definitively replaced Britian as dominant commercial and financial power in Latin America after challenging British deplomatic as naval supremacy in the region. |
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Term
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Definition
| Expand economic penetration and political domination of East Asia without diplomatic risks. Declared war on Germany in August 1914and took its possessions in Far East.Occupied Tsing tao, Shantung, Marianas, Marshalls, and Caolinas. |
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Term
| Reasons U.S object Japan's expainsion in late 1910s |
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Definition
| Impositions of 21 demands on China. Preserve territorial integrity of China and "Open Door" policy for trade and investment. |
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Term
| U.S. open-door policy and Japan |
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Definition
| November 2, 1917 American security of state and Japanese ambassador compromised Lansing-Ishi Agreement affirmed territorial integrity of China and prociple of Open Door. Recognized Japan's "Special interests" in China. |
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Term
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Definition
| After Bolshevik revolution and signing of Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, French government. Persuaded President Wilson to approve Japanese military intervention in eastern Siberia. To restore order and promote reconstitution of Russian political and military authority capable of renewing offensive operations against Germany's eastern front. Japan gained economic and political position in eastern Siberia and to create buffer between Russian and Japanese dominated Manchuria. Japanese army grew to 72 thousand by end of war. |
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Term
| Japan and U.S. immigration act 1924 |
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Definition
| Legislation singled out Japanese immigrants as ineligible for American citizenship and barred all Japanese and oriental immigration. |
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Term
| Amendment to League of Nations by Japan on 1919 |
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Definition
| Paris Peace Conference to gain equal status of all races. |
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Term
| Zaibatsu and Japanese foreign policy in 1930s |
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Definition
| Realized spiritual values couldn't win wars and army leaders needed discipline, organization and technological innovation. Zaibatsu; Mitsu, Mitsubishi, Sumitomo, and Yasuda. Formed military-industrial cadre devoted to mass rearmament, August 1936 "Fundamental Principles of National Policy" Signed Anti-comintern Pact with Germany in November 1936. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pact with Germany and Italy in hopes of intimidating Roosevelt to grant Japan free hand in Asia. Signed on September 27,1940. |
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Term
| Japan's official view on "greater East Asia Co-Prosperity sphere" |
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Definition
| July 2, 1941 established of confederation of Asian nations under economic control, political tutelage, and military protection of Japan. Concretize Oriental Monroe Doctrine ineffectually advanced by earlier Japanese officials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Claire Chennault, retired Army Air Corps, became chief advisor to Chinese Air Force. Brought U.S. mercenaries "Flying Tigers" tacitly tolerated by american government. April 1941 Roosevelt signed excutive order legalizing and October 1941 dispatched offical American military mission to Chiang's government Chungking. |
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Term
| Disscussion of use of atomic bomb |
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Definition
| August 6, first bomb dropped on Hiroshima then Nagisaki. Japan's rulers saw need to end fighting August 10, accepted Potsdam Declaration, and surrendered August 15. Question of bombs employed never been raised by officials. Need to end conflict out weighted other iddues, no guarentee that bombs would go off. |
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Term
| Conditions determined diverent outcomes of Greece and Poland |
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Definition
| Geographical position of Greeve favorable to pro-western government and British protectors. Poland's boarder with Russia and distance from western powers foreordained triumph of pro-Soviet polish faction. Stalin excluded Greece from Russian influence. |
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Term
| George Kennan and U.S. foreign policy |
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Definition
| Truman assist countries with economic stability and military organization. Kennan; director of Policy Planning Staff. Observed Soviet behavior firsthand. Attenuction of Soviet threat to untilinterests of U.S. and frontline nations. |
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Term
| Conditions of Marshall Plan |
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Definition
| Grounds for Soviet rejection; to collect pertinent economic statistics and ensure funds dusbursed spent on true purpose. american government access and advise over. |
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Term
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Definition
| High level investigation to communist submitted April 1950 portrayed Soviet as agressive power and needed U.S.to stop them. Development of Hydrogen bomb expansion of U.S. and estern european military build-up, and tightening bonds between states of western allience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Offer masterly solution to german rearmament Proposed enmeshing Germany in Euorpe economic integration to deter urge for war. Potential to unify Europe. |
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Term
| Pleven Plan and EDC Treaty |
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Definition
| Foundation of combined European military with integration of national contingents at lowest levels. May 27, 1952 European Defence Community signed. Supernational military organization under NATO established national contingents on divisonal scale. |
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Term
| Eisenhower's defense policy |
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Definition
| Military cost cut, instead greater reliance on nuclear arsenal and delievery system. |
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Term
| Khruschev's domestic and foreign policy |
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Definition
| De-Stalinzation, endorsed liberalization in satellite states of eastern Europe. |
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Term
| Gomulka and Poland's insurgency |
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Definition
| Gomulka, symbol of nationalist communism jailed in 1951, rejoined central commitee of Polish commiparty. Khruchev rose arms to help Poland but was met with an army of citizens. Preserved independence. |
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Term
| Nagy and Hungary's struggle for indepencence |
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Definition
Nagy, prime minister, made public pledge that Kremlin supported their independence. Soviets turned and returned to control them November 4.
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Term
| Nehru's foreign policy of India |
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Definition
| Steer clear of east west struggle. Tried to gain tangible benefits to his own country. Formation of cohesive bloc of Third world nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| First international conference of independent Aferican and Asian nations in April 1955. |
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Term
| Nasser's short and long term objectives |
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Definition
| Promotion of crash program of economic development and military rearmament for his country to establish it as a dominant power in North Africa and Middle East. Envisoned a vast Pan-Arab empire from Atlantic to Persian Gulf under his leadership. |
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Term
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Definition
| Israel congress withdraw funding so ruler announced to employ revenue from canal to fund instead. |
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Term
| U.S. and Anglo French Israeli intervention in Egypt |
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Definition
| Israeli attacked Egypt October 29, 1956. November 5 British and France dropped at Suez canal U.S. fully opposed atack. |
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Term
| Bay of Pigs operation in Cuba |
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Definition
| Overthrow Castro government. April 17 brigade of 1,500 cuban exile transported on american ships from training camps but killed within three days. |
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Term
| Conditions to end Cuban missle crisis |
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Definition
| Khruschev agrees to remove Russian missled from Cuba in return that U.S. respect Cuban territorial sovereignty. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Mutual Asured Destruction" ablitiy to destroy a quarter of enemy's population and over half of its industry in nuclear exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interpreted by other side as prelude to surprise to attack without fear of retaliation. Limit to 100 ABM and inerceptor missles at 2 sites. preserved stability of strategic balance by reducing incentive for gamble on first strike. |
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Term
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Definition
| May 1971 was when agreement was amde. Treaty signed on May 26, 1972. Improved relattions between U.S. and Soviets. |
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Term
| Result of decolonization of France |
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Definition
| Reserved them from the debilitating political and colonial burdens and set the stage for series of bold diplomatic initiatives aimed at securing objective; transformation of French-led Europe into political, economic, and stratigic bloc independent from U.S. and Soviet. Though everything fell short. |
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Term
| Charles de Gaulle and NATO |
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Definition
| Motivated to establish priviledge bilateral relationship with west Germany in NATO to deter Bonn away from U.S. controlled allience for formation of truely independent west European security system based on France's national nuclear deterrent. France-German plan failed in 1966 he announced withdrawl of France's land and air forces from NATO. |
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Term
| Charles de Gaulle and Europe politics |
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Definition
| Hoped for independent and free Europe detente with Moscow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Affirmed the responsibility of the U.S. to assist any nation in the Middle East that was judged to be threated by Communist aggression. Justification for american action against the one power there that did entertain expansionist ambitions at expense of states friendly to U.S. and European allies. |
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Term
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Definition
| June 1967 represented a humiliating setback for Soviet Union and two clients in Middle East. Moscow failed to halt advance of outnumbered Israeli fources. |
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Term
| Stalin's policy towards CCP/CNP |
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Definition
| Wanted to maintain friendly relations with very government in China that Mao eanted to overthrow. So Stalin supplied considerable military and funds to Nationalists forces. Also sent support to Chiang's regime as legitimate government of China. |
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Term
| Truman and MacArthur in Jorean War |
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Definition
| Truman restrict UN military operations to Korea. MacArthur publicly demanded China agree to armistice or be subject to U.S. bombing in Manchuria. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having declined to sign Washington felt so obligation to honor their prohibition against foreign military involvement in Indochina. |
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Term
| Ngo Dinh Diem's politics in Vietnam |
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Definition
| August 9, declined elections as they're pointless. Corruption, neopolism, and repressive polices. |
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Term
| China-Vietnam relation in 1970s |
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Definition
| Johnson publicly accused Beijing of masterminding Vietnamese affect to absorb the south Centuries of ethnic antagonism between Chinese and Vietnamese left legacy of mutual mistrust. |
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Term
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Definition
| Promoted a vigorous U.S. response. Table tennis players between U.S. and PRC. |
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Term
| Camp David agreement and consequences |
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Definition
| Prime minister menachem Begin of Israel signed agreement mandated return of Sinai peninsula to Egypt in two successive stages in 1980 and 1982 in exchange for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist as a soverreign nation. Frame work for negotiations to establish autonomous self-governing authority in west Bank and Gaza strip. |
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Term
| U.S. and Allende's government in Chile |
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Definition
| During 1970 election, CIA spent lavishly to subsidize opponents of self-proclaimed Marxist, Salvadore Allende. When Allende became president then Washington waged campaign to destabilize regime. Tried to rid Marxist government. |
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Term
| East-West detente and Latin America |
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Definition
| moderated Washington's traditional obsession with promoting hemisphere solidarity in anticipation of Soviet security threat. |
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Term
| Latin America economic policy 1960-1973 |
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Definition
| Grew annually at 6% and export driven. |
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Term
| U.S. and Dan dinista movement |
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Definition
| Anastasio Somoza, family ruled over Nicaragua, overthrown by revolutionaries; Sandinistas. U.S. tried to promote pre-American alternitive to Sandinistas. Also appealed to OAS to dispatch peace keeping force. |
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Term
| Saudi Arabia and Gulf War |
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Definition
| After expiration of UN deadline for evacuation of Kuwait, U.S. launched air campaign against Iraqi military, driving them off. Enhanced D.C.'s credibility as patron and protector of Middle East. |
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Term
| The Impact of Oslo agreement |
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Definition
| Establised 5 year transitional procedure for transfer to Palestinian sovereignty of Gaza strip To help cease Israel and Palestine conflict. |
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Term
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Definition
| Overthrow Noriega and establishment of democratic government in Panama, Panama Canal Treaty signed by Carter and Torrijos in 1977. December 31, 1999 American flag lowered for last time is canal and reverted to Panamanian control. |
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Term
| Impact of NAFTA in Latin American economy |
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Definition
| Growth of free trade during 1990s with openness to outside worlds. Also tariff cut from 56% to 15%. Became fastest growing marketplace. |
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Term
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Definition
| Financial connection between France and its former African possessions forged in form of "Franc zone", a monetary association that tied currencies of most sub-Saharan francophone African states to French franc. established a common monetary system through mechanism of free convertibility between CFA and French franc at fixed parity. |
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Term
| OAU's goal and achievement |
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Definition
| Inspired by ideology of Pan-Africanism. Recognition of overriding necessity to prevent territorial conflicts between African nations. Political unification of continent under single soverign authority. Neutrality in Cold War. |
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Term
| End of Cold War and Impact on Africa |
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Definition
| Enabled western nations to apply greater pressure on friendly regimes in Africa to reform autocratic political systems. Instead ethnic, tribal, clan, and religious violence appeared. West lost interest in courting African regime with aid programs. |
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Term
| Consequences of withdrawl of Spain from Africa |
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Definition
| Economic crisis gripped Africa in 1970's with armed conflict within and between African states. |
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Term
| Nigeria's economy in 1980's |
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Definition
| Had economic problems during the glut in world oil supplies which damaged ECOWAS's emerging reputation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indigenous alternative to the Eurafrican system in West Africa and as model for regional integration for other parts of the continent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innocuous euphemism for massive for massive transfer of wealth fromt he developed countries of northern hemisphere to the less development countries of the south. Drastic increase in development assistance from industrial worlds cancellation of outstanding foreign schemes on a global basis, and reduction of nothern protection against LDC export. |
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Term
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Definition
| Independence in 1962 periodic insurrections against the Tutsi ruling elite by the disen franchised Hutu majority in small country resulted in sysematic annihilation of hundreds of thousands of innocent civiliands. UN High Commission for refugees to repatriate the Rwanda Hutu were hampered by fear of revenge, despite government's solemn assurances of protection for the innocent and fair judicial proceeding for accused for genocide. |
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Term
| Mandela, Klerk, and South Africa |
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Definition
| De Klerk abolished apart heid freed Mandela from prison after 26 years at hard labor , and set in motion the movement of democratic reform in South Africa that would bring Mandela to the presidency of the country in the following year. |
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Term
| What were the three major factors that explained the inter American commercial relationship inthe post WWI period? |
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Definition
The un equal nature of inter-American trading patterns that emerged in the post wat period can be traced to several sources.
First, tendency of American firms and their financial backers to acquire through direct investment a controlling interest in the principal export industries of many Latin American nations. Example- American oil companies, forcing out European competition, acquired control over half of Venezvela's petroleum production.
Second, of single export crop or commodity in each country at expense of product diversification. Rendered most Latin American nations tragically vulnerable to the wild fluctuations of commodity prices. Examples- sugar, coffee, copper.
Finally commanding share of Latin american export trade acquired by U.S. during and after WWI created domiance-dependence that extended to other matters. Extended reached incredible extremes in some cases; U.S. purchasing 80% of Cuba's exports, 88% of Honduras, and 91% of Panama's. Couldn't be expected to withstand pressure from Washington to adjust foreign and internal policies to requirements of national interests of U.S. |
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Term
| What were the similarities and differenced of the Asian Four Tigers? |
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Definition
First countries in East Asia to emulate Japan's economic success by pursuing the strategy of export-oriented growth that catapulted them from third to first world status.
All cursed with overpopulation and acute shortage of capital, food, raw matericals, energy supplies, and arable land. Compensated by exploiting the presence of large, docile, and moble labor force by specializing in production of cheap textile goods that didn't require much capital-intensive goods like radios, sewing machines, and ships.
All shared cultural heritage of Confucianism. Had no democratic political systems with little fear of consequences. Benefited from substantial and from a foreign benefactor.
Government of South Korea actively intervened in the economy by providing tax breaks and subsidies to certain chosen sectors and by retaining state control of certain basic inductries. Government of Hong Kong allowed firms in Bristish crown colony buisnesses to operate without government interference or control. Policies of Taiwan and singapore fell somewhere between. |
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Term
| The U.S. and the Soviet Union signed SALT I in 1972. which country came out with advantage from the Treaty? |
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Definition
| The U.S. as Nixon assured his dimestic constituency that the U.S enjoyed overal parity with its principal adversary because of American superiority in strategic weapons weapons systems not covered by treaty limitations. U.S. retained considerable advantage in the number of long-range bombers. Then Soviet Union had not counterpart in the western hemisphere to American intermediate-range missle staitoned in Europe. British nuclear forces provided additonal incremental advantaged to the U.S. unavailable to the Soviets. U.S. had superiod quality of nuclear warheads. |
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Term
| List all arguments both for and against using the atomic bombs to end the war in the Pacific. |
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Definition
-The war would go on and cost hundreds of American lives.
-Indiscriminate slaughter of civilian populations by conventional aerial bombardment became acceptable form of warfare during WWII
-Scientists who had developed bombs were unable to guarantee detonation.
-Thus would have damaged credibility of American military power, stiffened Japanese resistance, prolonged war. |
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