Term
| What are the two main anatomical divisions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| 1. upper respiratory system (outside of thorax) 2. lower respiratory system (within thorax) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main functional divisions of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
| The conducting portion and the respiratory portion. |
|
|
Term
| Know all of the components of the conduction portion of the respiratory system. |
|
Definition
| nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi |
|
|
Term
| What structures form the nasal septum |
|
Definition
| Two bones posteriorly - the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; and a septal cartilage anteriorly. |
|
|
Term
| Name the paranasal air sinuses |
|
Definition
| Maxillary, frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sphenoidal is mid-line and is found in the body of the sphenoid bone but is divided into halves by a midline bony septum. |
|
|
Term
| Where does each paranasal air sinus empty? |
|
Definition
1.nasolacrimal duct (not sinus)-> inferior meatus
2. maxillary, frontal, anterior ethmoid, and middle ethmoid -> middle meatus
3. posterior ethmoidal cells -> superior meatus
4.sphenoidal sinus -> sphenoethmoidal recess |
|
|
Term
| What lines each paranasal air sinus? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory (mucous producing) epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| What drains into the inferior meatus |
|
Definition
| Lacrimal secretions (tears) from the eye via the nasolacrimal duct. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx |
|
Definition
| The nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. |
|
|
Term
| Name the two largest cartilages of the larynx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two sets of folds seen in the laryngeal passageway? |
|
Definition
| vestibular fold (false vocal fold) vocal fold (true vocal fold) |
|
|
Term
| Which set of laryngeal folds is most superior |
|
Definition
| vestibular fold (false vocal fold) |
|
|
Term
| the process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the cells of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the movement of air in and out of the lungs |
|
Definition
| breathing (pulmonary ventilation) |
|
|
Term
| utilization of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by the cells of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the trachea constructed? |
|
Definition
| by a series of approximately cartilages, muscle, and membranes |
|
|
Term
| Of what specific tissue type are the tracheal rings composed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape are the tracheal rings? |
|
Definition
| C-shaped with the deficiency directed posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| What fills the posterior deficiencies of the tracheal rings? |
|
Definition
| smooth muscle (the trachealis) and membrane |
|
|
Term
| Why are the tracheal rings the shape that they are? |
|
Definition
| to allow for esophageal expansion during swallowing |
|
|
Term
| How do the bronchi differ from the trachea structurally? |
|
Definition
| Bronchi have only plate-like islands of cartilage in their walls rather than C-shaped rings. |
|
|
Term
| How do bronchioles differ from bronchi? |
|
Definition
| Bronchioles have no cartilage in their walls, but develop a complete ring of smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
| What is the structural and functional unit of the lung? |
|
Definition
| the bronchopulmonary segment |
|
|
Term
| What is the first region of the respiratory system where respiration actually takes place? |
|
Definition
| terminal or respiratory bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What two cell types line the alveolus? |
|
Definition
| type I and type II pneumocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of each cell type associated with lining the alveolus? |
|
Definition
| type I: form the blood-air barrier and the alveolar wall type II: secrete surfactant to prevent collapse of the alveolar sacs |
|
|
Term
| What is the composition of the blood air barrier? |
|
Definition
| from air to blood: 1. the squamous cell body of the pneumocyte 2. the fused basement membranes of the pneumocyte and the capillary endothelial cell 3. the squamous cell body of the capillary endothelial cell |
|
|
Term
| How does parietal pleura differ from visceral pleura? |
|
Definition
| the parietal pleura is in contact with the body wall and is highly sensitive, the visceral layer is intimately in contact with the surface of the lung and is insensitive to pain |
|
|
Term
| Which layer of pleura is insensitive to pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three divisions of the parietal pleura? |
|
Definition
| 1. costal & cervical 2. mediastinal 3. diaphragmatic |
|
|
Term
| From where is the sensory innervation to the parietal pleura derived? |
|
Definition
| the ventral rami of the intercostal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is a bronchopulmonary segment? |
|
Definition
| the smallest surgically resectable part of the lung, the structural and functional unit of the lung, supplied by a discreet pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| Which division of he bronchial tree supplies a lung? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which division of the bronchial tree supplies a lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which division of the bronchial tree supplies a bronchopulmonary segment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List and label the various regions of the tubular digestive tract in order from proximal to distal. |
|
Definition
| 1. mouth 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. small intestine 6. large intestine 7. rectum 8. anus |
|
|
Term
| know the 4 layers of the wall of the alimentary canal, what they are composed of, and the general function of each. |
|
Definition
| 1. mucosa: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa: protects, absorbs, and secretes 2. submucosa: loose connective tissue: provides mobility for epithelium 3. muscular layer: smooth muscle: shortens and constricts tube 4. serosa: serous layer: provides lubrication and stability for alimentary cana |
|
|
Term
| how is the dorsal surface of the tongue constructed |
|
Definition
| the mucosa is studded with 4 different types of lingual papillae: filiform, fungiform, foliate, circumvallate |
|
|
Term
| list the 3 major types of lingual papillae |
|
Definition
| filiform, fungiform, (circum)vailate papillae |
|
|
Term
| which lingual papillae are keratinized? Which one always has taste buds associated with it? |
|
Definition
keratinized = fungiform
taste buds = (circum)valiate papillae |
|
|
Term
| List the three tonsils and state where each is found? |
|
Definition
| 1) palatine located at the posterior margin of oral cavity between the palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches.2) pharyngeal, or adenoids, located in the roof of the nasopharynx. 3) lingual located on the posterior 1/3 of tongue. |
|
|
Term
| How many primary and secondary teeth are normal? |
|
Definition
| 20 primary and 32 secondary |
|
|
Term
| what are the general functions of the different types of teeth? |
|
Definition
| incisors: grasping and tearing bicuspids (premolars) and molars: grinding |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 divisions of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| 1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps involved in the voluntary phase of swallowing? |
|
Definition
| 1. the food is chewed and mixed 2. the food is rolled into a ball (bolus) 3. the bolus is forced into the oropharynx by the tongue |
|
|
Term
| list the steps, in order, of the swallowing reflex. |
|
Definition
| 1. pharyngeal sensory receptors are stimulated 2. the soft palate is elevated 3. the hyoid bone and larynx are elevated which presses down on the epiglottis 4. the lower aspect of the pharynx relaxes |
|
|
Term
| which of the two sphincters of the stomach is an actual anatomical sphincter? |
|
Definition
| the pyloric sphincter is an anatomical sphincter, the gastroesophageal sphincter is a functional sphincter. How well the gastroesophageal sphincter works is related to the fullness of the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions and divisions of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| 1. storage, 2. digestion, 3. absorption |
|
|
Term
| what is specialized about the muscularis externa of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| it has an extra layer of muscle, the innermost layer is oblique |
|
|
Term
| why is the muscularis externa of the stomach specialized |
|
Definition
| to allow for maximum mixing of stomach contents |
|
|
Term
| state the function of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| to transmit food from the pharynx to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| where is the esophagus found? |
|
Definition
| posterior to the trachea in the posterior mediastinum |
|
|
Term
| what features of the esophagus layers illustrate specialized function? |
|
Definition
| the upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle, the middle 1/3 is half skeletal and half smooth, and the lower 1/3 is entirely smooth. This facilitates the process of swallowing as it goes from a conscious/voluntary act skeletal muscle to a reflex (in this case, smooth muscle) |
|
|
Term
| where do gastric glands open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do gastric pits open? |
|
Definition
| onto the surface of gastric areas |
|
|
Term
| what cells compose the surface epithelium and extend down into the gastric pit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kinds of cells are found in the gastric pit? |
|
Definition
| 1. surface epithelial cells 2. mucous neck cells 3. chief cells 4. parietal cells 5. enteroendocrine cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the secretion of each cell of the gastric gland? |
|
Definition
| 1. mucous: lubricates 2. digestive enzymes: digests 3. HCl: lowers pH, digests 4. GIF: binds vitamin D for absorption 5. hormones for controlling digestion |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of enteroendocrine cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the two types of enteroendocrine cells similar? how are they different? |
|
Definition
| they both secrete hormones. 1. the open has contact with the stomach lumen while the closed does not 2. open reacts to changes in pH, the closed reacts to distension |
|
|
Term
| what signal triggers the movement of chyme from the stomach to the duodenum? |
|
Definition
| once the acidic chyme reaches a ph of 2.0, the pyloric sphincter opens and the chyme is moved into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 salivary glands |
|
Definition
| 1. parotid 2. submandibular 3. sublingual |
|
|
Term
| where is each salivary gland located |
|
Definition
| 1. parotid: located in front of the ear on the side of the face 2. submandibular: located under the inferior border of the mandible 3. sublingual: located under the tongue extending posterolaterally |
|
|
Term
| Where does each salivary gland open into the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| 1. parotid: near the second upper molar 2. submandibular: under tongue on either side of frenulum 3. sublingual: 15-20 ducts on either side under tongue |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the salivary glands |
|
Definition
| to secrete saliva which moistens, binds, digests, acts as a solvent, and cleanses |
|
|
Term
| what type of secretion does each salivary gland secrete |
|
Definition
| 1. parotid: serous 2. submandibular: mixed serous & mucous 3. sublingual: mucous |
|
|
Term
| What is the structural and functional unit of the exocrine pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 5 enzymes does the pancreas secrete |
|
Definition
| 1. trypsinogen 2. trypsin inhibitor 3. amylase 4. ribonuclease 5. lipase |
|
|
Term
| what two forms of enzymes does the pancreas secrete? |
|
Definition
| 1. proenzymes: i.e. trypsinogen 2. enzymes: trypsin inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| Where does the main pancreatic duct empty? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What joins the main pancreatic duct prior to termination |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| from what two circulatory sources does the liver receive its blood? |
|
Definition
| 1. hepatic portal circulation (portal vein) 2. hepatic artery |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of each circulatory source to the liver? |
|
Definition
| 1. portal vein brings blood from the intestines so it can be ‘screened’ by the liver before entering the systemic circulation 2. hepatic artery brings oxygenated blood to the hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
| what is a hepatic lobule? |
|
Definition
| the functional and structural unit of the liver |
|
|
Term
| at each of the 6 corners of the hepatic lobule there is a branch of the portal vein, branches of the hepatic artery, bile ductule, and lymphatics in an area called the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a three-dimensional system of channels comprised of the cell membranes of the hepatocytes which run in the hepatic plates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| to what region do the bile canaliculi drain |
|
Definition
| bile ductules in the portal area |
|
|
Term
| name 2 functions of the gall bladder |
|
Definition
1. store bile
2. concentrate bile |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 divisions of the small intestine, in order from the stomach distally. |
|
Definition
| 1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum |
|
|
Term
| which division of the small intestine exhibits submucosal glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which division of the small intestine exhibits peyers patches? |
|
Definition
| primarily the terminal ileum |
|
|
Term
| which divisions of the small intestine are suspended from the posterior wall by a mesentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell types are found in the epithelium of the small intestine |
|
Definition
| 1. enterocytes 2. goblet cells 3. enteroendocrine cells 4. Paneth cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of each cell type found in the epithelium of small intestines? |
|
Definition
| enterocyte: function in absorption goblet cells: secrete mucous enteroendocrine cells: secrete hormones Paneth cells: secrete lysozyme |
|
|
Term
| state the general trend, proximal to distal, for goblet cell numbers, lymphoid tissue, and villi |
|
Definition
| 1. the number of goblet cells increases 2. the amount of lymphatic tissue increases 3. the number and height of villi decreases |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the colon |
|
Definition
| main function is absorption of water and electrolytes, also forms and stores feces, as well as completing digestion by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the haustra? |
|
Definition
| t0 slow the transmit time of feces, allowing for more time for water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in the colon the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle is reduced to three bands called taenia coli |
|
|
Term
| what does a taenia coli do? |
|
Definition
| they form the haustra of the large intestine, and are involved in mass movements and peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| what types of glands are exhibited in the various layers of the tubular alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
| 1. mucosal 2. submucosal 3. extramural |
|
|
Term
| which types of glands are restricted to the esophagus and duodenum only? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the various organs that comprise the urinary system? |
|
Definition
| 1. kidneys 2. ureters 3. bladder 4. urethra |
|
|
Term
| which organs of the urinary system are found in the abdomen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organs of the urinary system are found in the pelvis? |
|
Definition
| part of ureters, bladder, urethra |
|
|
Term
| what membrane are all of the organs of the urinary system located behind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a kidney lobe composed of |
|
Definition
| a medullary pyramid capped by cortex |
|
|
Term
| How is the kidney medulla shaped |
|
Definition
| striated and arranged in pyramids |
|
|
Term
| what is the structural and functional unit of the kidney |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which aspects of nephrons are found in the cortex |
|
Definition
| renal corpuscle and the proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| which aspects of a nephron are found in the medulla? |
|
Definition
| loops of Henle & distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
| what two structures compose the renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
| 1. Bowman’s capsule 2. glomerular capillary |
|
|
Term
| what cells comprise the glomerulus |
|
Definition
| capillary endothelial cells & podocytes |
|
|
Term
| trace the pathway of blood from the renal artery back to the renal vein. |
|
Definition
| renal artery to interlobar arteries to arcuate arteries to interlobular arteries to afferent arterioles to glomerular capillaries to efferent arterioles to a secondary capillary network to venules to the renal veins |
|
|
Term
| what is the filtration membrane/barrier composed of? |
|
Definition
| fenestrated epithelium of the capillary, glomerular basement membrane, and glomerular epithelium |
|
|
Term
| where does the urinary filtrate go once it leaves the glomerular capillaries? |
|
Definition
| into the urinary/capsular space |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 components of urine formation? |
|
Definition
| 1. glomerular filtration 2. filtration pressure 3. filtration rate |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by the term tubular reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| it is the process whereby substances are transported out of the filtrate and back into the blood |
|
|
Term
| the microvilli bearing cells responsible for tubular reabsorption and found in the proximal convoluted tubule form what type of border? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what structure connects the kidney to the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the three regions that kidney stones are likely to become lodged as they traverse the ureters. |
|
Definition
| 1. between renal pelvis and ureter proper 2. where they cross the iliac vessels 3. as they enter the bladder wall |
|
|
Term
| how does the muscular wall of the ureter differ from that of the wall of the digestive tract? |
|
Definition
| the inner layer of smooth muscle is longitudinal and the outer layer is circular, just opposite of the arrangement in the digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| what is the smooth area on the internal surface of the bladder called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three structures define the angles of the trigone? |
|
Definition
| 2 upper corners are the ureters lower corner is the urethra |
|
|
Term
| in the male, which organ lies just below the bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does enlargement of the prostrate cause problems with urination in older males |
|
Definition
| the prostatic urethra runs through the prostate gland, enlargement of the gland can impinge upon the urethra and cause problems with urination |
|
|
Term
| behind what structure is the bladder located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three parts of the male urethra? |
|
Definition
| 1. prostatic 2. membranous 3. spongy/penile |
|
|
Term
| which part of the male urethra is of the most clinical importance and why? |
|
Definition
| the membranous portion, it is the portion most often torn during a fall, ie. onto a balance beam, because it is the most securely anchored part. A tear here can cause extravasation of urine into various parts of the body. |
|
|
Term
| how many parts does the female urethra have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the length of the female urethra clinically important? |
|
Definition
| it is a short distance for bacteria, etc. to travel to give a bladder infection |
|
|
Term
| be able to put in correct order the pathway newly formed urine takes to the outside. |
|
Definition
| nephrons to collecting ducts to renal papillae to minor calyces to major calyces to renal pelvis to ureters to bladder to urethra |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells of the visceral layer of bowmans capsule called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do podocytes lie within the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| podocytes lie between the glomerular capillaries and the urinary/capsular space |
|
|
Term
| where does the space between the pedicles of the podocytes form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary male sex organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the primary male sex organ produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the male secondary sex organs |
|
Definition
| Transporting ducts (epidymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra) accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands) copulatory organ (penis). |
|
|
Term
| what are the male secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| Pubic hair, deeper voice pitch, body physique. |
|
|
Term
| from what structures is the ejaculatory duct formed? into what structure does it empty? |
|
Definition
| seminiferous tubules to rete testis to efferent ductules to epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra |
|
|
Term
| where is the scrotum located |
|
Definition
| in the perineal region, between the thighs |
|
|
Term
| why is the scrotum wrinkled |
|
Definition
| The dartos muscle is a thin muscle within its wall capable of contracting to pull the testicles closer to the body. |
|
|
Term
| what does the scrotum contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the testes seperated within the scrotum |
|
Definition
| By a fibrous septum. It keeps infection etc. limited to a single testicle. |
|
|
Term
| what is the outer coat of the testes called? |
|
Definition
| The visceral tunica vaginalis. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the outer coat of the testes? |
|
Definition
| It is a serous (slippery) layer that allows the testicle to move around within the scrotum in a friction-free manner. |
|
|
Term
| what is the capsule of the testes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the inward migration of the capsule of the testes divides the organ into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the lobules of the testicle contain? |
|
Definition
| 2-4 seminiferous tubules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single, highly coiled tube that sits on top of the testes. This series of ducts serves as the storage area and site of maturation for sperm cells. |
|
|
Term
| what characteristics do the immature sperm acquire as they move through the epididymis? |
|
Definition
| Immature sperm become mobile and able to fertilize an egg as they move through the epididymis. |
|
|
Term
| describe the beginning and termination of the ductus deferens? |
|
Definition
| The ductus deferens passes up from the scrotum, through the body wall via the inguinal canal wrapped up in the spermatic cord. It enters the abdominal cavity to end behind to the bladder. Just before it enters the prostate gland, the end expands to form an ampulla, which joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct |
|
|
Term
| what cells within the seminiferous tubules nourish the developing spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells are responsible for secreting testosterone? |
|
Definition
| The interstitial cells (of Leydig). |
|
|
Term
| where are the cells responsible for secreting testosterone located? what does this control? |
|
Definition
| Interstitial cells (of Leydig) located between the seminiferous tubules are responsible for secreting testosterone, which regulates the formation of spermatozoa and development. |
|
|
Term
| what are the components of mature spermatozoa? |
|
Definition
| Head (which includes acrosome), body (enriched with mitochondria), and tail (propels sperm toward egg). |
|
|
Term
| the penis is composed of how many cylinders of erectile tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two dorsal cylinders of erectile tissue called? |
|
Definition
| Corpora cavernosa (single = corpus cavernosum) |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the thick ct capsule of the two dorsal cylinders of erectile tissue called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the single, unpaired cylinder, of the penis called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why doesn't the ventral unpaired erectile cylinder have a tough CT capsule |
|
Definition
| It does not become as rigid (under same pressure) as the corpora cavernosa. |
|
|
Term
| what is the implication of having the urethra traverse the single unpaired ventral cylinder? |
|
Definition
| It cannot become as rigid as the upper corpora cavernosa as the ejaculate must traverse the penile (spongy) urethra that is found within the corpus spongiosum. Reduced pressure means the urethra can remain patent (open). |
|
|
Term
| what is the distal end of the corpus spongiosum called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the dilated proximal end of the corpous spongiosum called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the blood flow into and out of the penis? |
|
Definition
| Arterial blood to the penis is supplied primarily via the pudendal artery (from the femoral). The deep artery of the penis passes through each corpora cavernosa providing the blood that fills the erectile cylinders. Venous return is via the superficial dorsal vein. |
|
|
Term
| which division of the autonomic nervous system is involved with erection? |
|
Definition
| The parasympathetic division of the ANS is involved in erection (remember Point and Shoot - P = point (erection = parasympathetic and S = shoot = ejaculation = sympathetic). |
|
|
Term
| what specifically does the autonomic nervous system allow to occur during erection |
|
Definition
| The parasympathetic division caused vasodilation of the penile arterioles = inflow of blood into the erectile tissue = erection. |
|
|
Term
| which division of the autonomic nervous system is involved with ejaculation |
|
Definition
| The sympathetic division of the ANS is involved in ejaculation (remember Point and Shoot - P = point (erection = parasympathetic and S = shoot = ejaculation = sympathetic). |
|
|
Term
| what specifically does the autonomic nervous system allow to occur during ejaculation? |
|
Definition
| The sympathetic division is responsible for contraction of smooth muscle = ejaculation. |
|
|
Term
| what is meant by the term undescended testis |
|
Definition
| A testicle that has not descended into the scrotum. |
|
|
Term
| what role does the gubernaculum have in the descent of the testes? |
|
Definition
| The gubernaculum, a fibrous attachment to the base of the testes, shortens and guides the testes as they descend from the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. |
|
|
Term
| through what structure in the anterior abdominal wall do the testes descend |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the clinical significance of the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
| The inguinal canal may become weakened in males due to the passing of the spermatic cord through this region, and can often result in inguinal hernias. |
|
|
Term
| describe the spermatic cord and its components |
|
Definition
| The spermatic cord includes the ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, as well as the arteries, veins, and nerves associated with the male genitalia. |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary sex organs of the female and what do they secrete/release? |
|
Definition
| Ovaries—release ova, or eggs and hormones (estrogen and progesterone). |
|
|
Term
| categorize the organs of the female reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| Internal - vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries. External - labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, mons pubis. |
|
|
Term
| explain the differences in gamete formation in the female vs. male. |
|
Definition
| Males may produce gametes or sex cells (sperm) at the onset of puberty and continue to produce these cells throughout their lifetime. Females, however, have a limited number of sex cells, or eggs. These eggs are formed, but not fully matured, during fetal development, and are released in a cyclic pattern from puberty to menopause (approximately ages 12 to 47). |
|
|
Term
| what are the secondary sex characteristics in the female? |
|
Definition
| 1. body physique 2. pattern of body hair 3. development of breasts |
|
|
Term
| describe the ligaments that anchor the ovary and uterus to the pelvis wall. |
|
Definition
| Ovarian ligament-anchors ovary to wall of uterus. Broad ligament-double fold of peritoneum anchoring uterus to pelvic wall. Suspensory ligament-anchors uterus to pelvic wall. |
|
|
Term
| what happens during the ovarian cycle within the ovary? |
|
Definition
| The ovarian cycle describes the changes that occur to the developing egg during and after maturation within the ovary. The egg cells undergo a series of meiotic divisions so that the chromosomal number is halved, and each gamete only has one copy of genetic information. Immature follicles will mature to primary and then secondary oocytes within follicles (egg-containing sacs) until one mature follicle called a Graafian follicle releases the egg on the outside of the ovary. The remaining follicle will form a corpus luteum (see function on question 3508b), and if pregnancy does not occur, will degenerate into an inactive scar known as the corpus albicans. |
|
|
Term
| what is a corpus luteum? what happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not occur? |
|
Definition
| The corpus luteum is a cellular mass that forms in the ovary from the follicle that remains after the egg has been released from the ovary. The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone to maintain the uterine lining for possible implantation of the embryo. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to atrophy and progesterone levels decline, triggering the shedding of the endometrial lining, or menstruation. The corpus luteum becomes known as the corpus albicans, an inactive scar. |
|
|
Term
| which layer of the uterine wall is involved in menstruation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which of the two regions of the layer of the uterine wall involved in menstruation is shed monthly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can prevent part of the uterine from being shed each month? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy, hormonal secretion from the corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| list the components of the female pudendum (vulva) |
|
Definition
| 1. mons pubis 2. labia majora 3. labia minora 4. clitoris 5. vestibule 6. vestibular glands |
|
|
Term
| which of the labia does not exhibit pubic hair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two colums of highly sensitive erectile tissue found at the superior/anterior end of the pudendal cleft |
|
|
Term
| what is the male homologue of the clitoris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is contained within the pudendal vestibule (cleft) in order from anterior to posterior |
|
Definition
| 1. clitoris 2. urethral orifice 3. vaginal orifice 4. vestibular gland openings lateral to vaginal orifice |
|
|
Term
| what happens in an episiotomy? |
|
Definition
| a cut is made posteriorlaterally from the vaginal orifice |
|
|
Term
| what must a physician be careful not to cut - or not cut through entirely |
|
Definition
| the perineal body: if it’s cut there’s nothing to hold the contents of the pelvis up |
|
|
Term
| what is the axillary tail of the mammary gland? |
|
Definition
| a part of the breast which extends superiolaterally towards the axilla |
|
|
Term
| where does the majority of lymphatic drainage of the breast go? |
|
Definition
| 75% goes to the axillary lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| what is an important clinical fact dealing with other aspects of the lymphatic drainage |
|
Definition
| some lymphatic drainage goes to the contralateral breast, therefore carcinoma could spread to the other breast too |
|
|
Term
| in which quadrant do tumors of the breast most frequently occur? |
|
Definition
| Toward the axilla through axillary tail |
|
|
Term
| which component of the lactiferous apparatus terminates on the nipple? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is the nipple able to become erect? |
|
Definition
| Constriction of circularly-arranged smooth muscle. |
|
|
Term
| what is the pigmented area surrounding the nipple called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the retromammary space used for clinically? |
|
Definition
| Placement for breast augmentations (implants) |
|
|
Term
| name the 3 phases of the endometrium during a typical monthly cycle? |
|
Definition
| proliferative, secretory and premenstrual. |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during the proliferative phase? |
|
Definition
| The stratum functionale begins to rebuild from its destroyed menstrual state. This is accomplished primarily through mitosis. |
|
|
Term
| when does the proliferative phase end? |
|
Definition
| Around day 14 of the new cycle (the start of menstruation being day 1) |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during the secretory phase? |
|
Definition
| Endometrium thickens, the glands become wider, longer and more tortuous (coiled) - days 15 through 26 of the new cycle. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the secretory phase and which hormone controls it? |
|
Definition
| Endometrium gets ready for the potential implantation of a fertilized egg under control of the corpus luteum and its progesterone secretion |
|
|
Term
| what occurs during the premenstrual phase |
|
Definition
| The corpus luteum involutes causing the necrosis of the endometrium due to ischemia. |
|
|
Term
| how long is the premenstrual phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what vessels cause the ischemia? |
|
Definition
| Contraction of the spiral arteries of the stratum functionale causing ischemia and necrosis. |
|
|
Term
| what layer is sloughed during menstruation? |
|
Definition
| The upper layer of the endometrium - the stratum functionale |
|
|
Term
| what type of epithelium lines the vagina |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium. |
|
|
Term
| why is the vagina line by the type of epithelium that it is? |
|
Definition
| Thick layer for intercourse and as a passageway for menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of the outer third of the vagina is called the vaginal rugae. They are transverse epithelial ridges and their function is to provide the vagina with increased surface area for extension and stretching. |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of vaginal rugae? |
|
Definition
| Vaginal rugae act as friction ridges for intercourse and also allow for distension during childbirth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. upper respiratory system
2. lower respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nasal cavity
2. nasopharynx
3. oropharynx
4. laryngopharynx
5. larynx
6. trachea
7. bronchus
8. bronchioles
9. terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. anterior nostril
2. posterior nostril |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
2. vomar bone
3. septal cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. superior concha
2. middle concha
3. inferior concha |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. frontal sinus
2. maxillary sinus
3. ethmoid sinus
4. sphenoid sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. epiglottis
2. opening to larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. epiglottis
2. hyoid bone
3. thyroid cartilage
4. tracheal cartilages
5. cricoid cartilage
6. thyrohyoid membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vestibular (false) vocal folds
2. true vocal folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vestibular (false) vocal folds
2. true vocal folds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
green- vestibule
red- ventricle
purple- infraglottic cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vocal ligament
2. vocal process
3. muscular process
4. thyroid cartilage
5. rima glottidis
6. arytenoid cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2. posterior cricoarytenoid (abductor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. nasal cavity
2. nasopharynx
3. oropharynx
4. laryngopharynx
5. larynx
6. trachea
7. bronchus
8. bronchioles
9. terminal bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. thyroid cartilage
2. cricoid cartilage
3. tracheal cartilages
4. main bronchus
5. tracheal bifurcation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. trachealis muscle
2. c shaped hyaline cartilage ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. right main bronchus
2. left main bronchus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. terminal bronchiole
2. alveolus
3. respiratory bronchiole
4. alveolar sac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. alveolus
2. interalveolar septum
3. capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. type 2 pneumocyte
2. type 1 pneumocyte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. visceral pleura
2. pleural cavity
3. parietal pleura |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. upper lobe
2. middle lobe
3. lower lobe
4. upper lobe
5. lower lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. horizontal fissure
2. cardiac notch
3. oblique fissures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. root of the lung
2. reflection of pleura
3. pulmonary ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. bronchus
2. pulmonary artery
3. pulmonary vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. 1 degree = primary bronchus
2. 2 degree - secondary bronchus
3. 3 degree - tertiary bronchus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. bronchopulmonary segment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mouth
2. pharynx
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine
7. rectum
8. anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. salivary glands
2. liver
3. gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. muscularis externa
2. serosa/adventitia
3. mucosa
4. submucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mucosa
2. submucosa
3. mucularis externa
4. serosa or adventitia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. epithelium
2. lamina propria
3. muscular mucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. blood vessels of submucosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. inner circular muscle layer
2. outer longitudinal muscle layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. smooth, slippery serosal layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vestibule = space between teeth and lips
2. oral cavity
3. frenulum = connects tongue to the floor of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hard palate
2. soft palate
3. uvula
4. palatine tonsils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. epiglottis
2. palatine tonsils
3. lingual tonsils
4. lingual papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. vallate papillae
2. fungiform papillae
3 filiform papillae
4. foliate papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lingual tonsils
2. palatine tonsils
3. pharyngeal tonsils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. crown
2. root
3. periodontal ligament
4. cementum
5. root canal
6. pulp cavity
7. dentin
8. enamel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pharynx
2. esophagus
3. gastroesophageal sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. longitudinal muscle
2. circular muscle
3. oblique muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lesser curvature
2. greater curvature
3. pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pyloric region
2. pyloric sphincter
3. fundic region
4. cardiac region
5. body region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. gastric area
2. gastric pit
3. gastric glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mucous cells
2. parietal cells
3. chief cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. gastric lumen
2. capillary in lamina propria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. intestinal lumen
2. capillary in lamina propria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. parotid gland
2. parotid duct
3. submandibular gland
4. submandibular duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mucous acinus
2. serous acinus
3. serous demilune
4. mixed acinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. duodenum
2. head of the pancreas
3. body of the pancreas
4. tail of the pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. intercalated duct
2. acinar lumen
3. acinar cell with enzyme granules in apical region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. duodenal papilla
2. hepatopancreatic duct
3. common bile duct
4. main pancreatic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. diaphragmatic surface
2. visceral surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. right lobe
2. falciform ligament
3. left lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. quadrate lobe
2. caudate lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hepatic artery
2. porta hepatis
3. hepatic portal vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. central vein
2. liver sinusoid
3. radiating plates of hepatocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hepatic portal vein
2. bile ductule
3. hepatic artery
4. portal area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. gallbladder
2. duodenal papilla
3. common bile duct
4. common hepatic duct
5. cystic duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. gastroeduodenal junction
2. terminal (end of) ileum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. plicae circularis
2. villi
3. microvilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. duodenum
2. duodenojejunal junction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mesentery
2. cecum
3. terminal ileum
4. ileum
5. jejunum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. enterocytes
2. goblet cells
3. enteroendocrine cells
4. paneth cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. opening of ileocecal valve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. opening of ileocecal valve
2. cecum
3. (vermiform) appendix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ascending colon
2. transverse colon
3. descending colon
4. sigmoid colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hepatic flexure
2. taenia colia
3. fatty tags
4. splenic flexure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. complete outer layer
2. 3 bands - taenia coli
3. haustral compartments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. rectum
2. rectum
3. internal anal sphincter
4. external anal sphincter
5. anal column
6. anal canal
7. anal sinus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. kidneys (urine production)
2. ureters (drainage)
3. urinary bladder (storage)
4. urethra (elimination) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yellow = sinus
blue = hilus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. renal pelvis
2. ureter proper |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. renal papilla
2. medullary pyramids
green = renal pelvis
blue = major calyces
yellow = minor calyces
white = renal papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
green = renal medulla
blue = renal pyramids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pink = renal cortex
yellow = renal columns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cortex
2. nephron
3. medulla
4. renal papilla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. renal corpuscle
2. renal tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. glomerulus
2. glomerular (or bowmans) capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. proximal convoluted tubule
2. glomerular capsule
3. descinding loop of henle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ascending loop of henle
2. distal convoluted tubule
3. collecting duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. collecting duct
2. renal papilla
3. minor calyx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. efferent arteriole
2. bowmans capsule
3. proximal convoluted tubule
4. glomerular capillary
5. afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. efferent arteriole
2. distal convoluted tubule
3. glomerular capillary
4. afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. arcuate artery
2. interlobar artery
3. renal artery
4. segmental arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. interlobular artery
2. afferent arteriole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. interlobular artery
2. afferent arteriole
3. efferent arteriole
4. venule
5. glomerular (filtration) capillary
6. peritubular (resorption) capillaries
7. interlobular vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. efferent arteriole
2. distal convoluted tubule
3. macula densa
4. afferent arteriole
5. juxtaglomerular cells
6. glomerular capillary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. afferent/efferent arterioles
2. vascular pole
3. urinary pole
4. proximal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. afferent arteriole
2. efferent arteriole
3. glomerular capillary
4. visceral layer of bowmans capillary
5. parietal layer of bowmans capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. podocyte
2. podocyte processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fenestrated capillary
2. filtration barrier
3. filtration space
4. filtration slits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2. collecting duct
3. renal papilla
4. minor calyx
5. major calyx
6. renal pelvis
7. ureters
8. bladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. opening of the ureters
2. trigone
3. opening of the urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. internal urinary sphincter
2. external urinary sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. prostatic
2. membranous
3. penile or spongy
4. prostrate
5. UG diaphragm
6. penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. testis
2. epididymis
3. ductus (vas) deferens
4. seminal vesicle
5. prostrate
6. bulbourethral glands
7. penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. urinary bladder
2. seminal vesicle
3. prostate
4. penis
5. ductus deferens
6. epididymis
7. testis
8. penis
9. bulbourethral gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. spermatogenic cells
2. interstitial cells
3. sertoli cells
4. epididymis
5. ductus (vas) deferens
6. ejaculatory ducts
7. seminal vesicles
8. prostate gland
9. bulbourethral glands
10. scrotum
11. penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. CT septa
2. lobule
3. tunica vaginalis
4. tunica albuginea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lobule
2. epididymis
3. seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. efferent ductules
2. rete testis in mediastinum testis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. sertoli cells
2. interstitial cells (of leydig) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. developing sperm cells
2. sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. acrosome
2. nucleus
3. mitochondria
4. flagellum
5. head
6. body
7. tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. median septum
2. scrotum
3. perineal raphe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. parietal tunical vaginalis
2. visceral tunica vaginalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cremaster muscle
2. dartos muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ductus deferens
2. epididymis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ampulla
2. seminal vesicle
3. ejaculatory duct
4. ductus deferens
5. epididymis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. seminal vesicle
2. ejaculatory duct
3. prostatic urethra
4. prostate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. peritoneum
2. testis
3. gubernaculum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. prostatic
2. membranous
3. penile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. glans penis
2. corpus spongiosum
3. bulb of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. corpora cavernosa
2. tunica albuginea
3. median septum
4. corpus spongiosum
5. penile (spongy) urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. superficial dorsal vein
2. deep dorsal vein
3. prepuce (foreskin)
4. glans penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. superficial and deep dorsal veins
2. dorsal artery of the penis
3. deep artery of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ovaries
2. uterine tubes
3. uterus
4. vagina
5. labia majora
6. labia minora
7. clitoris
8. vestibule
9. vestibular glands
10. mammary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. uterine tubes
2. uterus
3. ovaries
4. broad ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. ovarian ligament
2. suspensory ligament
3. broad ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mesosalpinx
2. broad ligament
3. uterine tube
4. mesovarium
5. ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. medulla
2. ovarian follicles
3. cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. primary follicle (oocyte surrounded by follicular cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. antral lake
2. granulosa cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cumulus oophorus
2. antrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fimbriae
2. peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. uterine tube
2. infundibulum
3. fimbriae
4. ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. uterine tube
2. infundibulum
3. fimbriae
4. ovary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. uterus
2. urinary bladder
3. vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. uterine tube
2. body
3. cervix
4. fundus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. uterine cavity
2. internal os
3. cervical canal
4. external os
5. vagina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. endometrium
2. myometrium
3. perimetrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. stratum functionale
2. stratum basale
3. myometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. proliferative
b. secretory
c. premenstrual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. blood and fluid
2. spiral arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mons pubis
2. labia majora (has pubic hair)
3. vestibule
4. labia minora (hairless)
5. clitoris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. mons pubis
2. perineum
3. labia majora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. prepuce
2. labia minora |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fourchette
2. perineal body
3. anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lactiferous sinus
2. lactiferous duct
3. alveolar glands in lobule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. fat lobules
2. glandular lobules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pectoralis major
2. retromammary space |
|
|
