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208 final
208 final
247
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
11/30/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
the area in which a microorganism enters the body. They may be cuts, lesions, injection sites, or natural body orifices.
Definition
portals of entry
Term
LD 50
Definition
lethal dose for 50% of hosts
Term
ID 50
Definition
species and strain specific, amount of invading organisms needed to cause disease in 50% of hosts
Term
LD 50 must be ___ than ID 50
Definition
greater
Term
ligands/attachment proteins
Definition
adhesins
Term
other factors that can allow infectious disease to adhere
Definition
fimbriae, capsules, and biofilms
Term
Enzymes, toxins, and other factors that affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease.
Definition
virulence factors
Term
describe exotoxins
Definition
-produced inside bacteria and released out of cell
-proteins
-relatively easy to make food safe when the food contains exotoxins
-susceptible to heat
-botulinum toxin
-diphtheria toxin
-tetanus
-mostly gram +, but some gram -
-very toxic
Term
describe endotoxins
Definition
-cell bound
-lipid based toxins
-not heat susceptible
-mostly gram negative
-pyrogens: fever producing
-weak but fatal in large doses
Term
-secreted toxin takin in by host
-fluid loss in cells
-proteus
Definition
enterotoxins
Term
investigating a disease outbreak; look at the person, place, time, type of disorder, etc
Definition
epidemiology
Term
In industrialized countries, 3/4 of the deaths are due to ____
Definition
cardiovascular disease or cancer
Term
in developing countries; ___ cause about half the death
Definition
infectious agents and parasitic diseases
Term
physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular defenses, inflammation, fever, and molecular defenses are examples of___
Definition
nonspecific defense mechanisms
Term
the first line of defense against infectious diseases is to ____
Definition
prevent bacteria from invading in the first place
Term
___ is a physical barrier to infection; ___ is also inhabited by bacteria that inhibit the growth of other bacteria.
Definition
skin; skin
Term
these produce sebum which discourages bacterial growth
Definition
sebacceous glands
Term
lowers pH; inhibits bacterial growth
Definition
sweat glands
Term
these block penetration of microbes and secrete mucous
Definition
mucous membranes
Term
mucous secreted contains ___ & ___
Definition
glycoproteins; electrolytes
Term
___ are cells that produce mucous
Definition
goblet cells
Term
mucous forms a ___ layer and prevents __ & __ of mucous membranes.
Definition
protective; drying; cracking
Term
mucous traps ___
Definition
pathogens
Term
other body defenses
Definition
tears, ciliated epithelium hairs in nose, cough reflex, epiglottis
Term
second line of defenses =
Definition
cellular defenses; defensive cells such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
Term
granulocytes include
Definition
basophils, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils
Term
histamine releasing cells
Definition
basophils
Term
produced in large #s in response to allergies
Definition
mast cells
Term
__ & __ are types of phagocytes
Definition
neutrophils & eosinophils
Term
agranulocytes include ___ & ___; they are phagocytic cells
Definition
monocytes and lymphocytes
Term
what are the 4 steps in phagocytosis
Definition
1. chemotaxis
2. adherence
3. ingestion
4. digestion
Term
a body's defensive response of tissue damage from microbial infection, also responses to physical damage.
Definition
inflammation
Term
inflammatory process (4 steps)
Definition
1. histamine released by basophils
2. diffuses into capillaries causing vasodilation
3. This increases blood flow to injury site.
4. blood delivers clotting factors; nutrients
Term
this raises body temp above optimum growing temp for many pathogens
Definition
fever
Term
___ increases heat which increases rate of reactions; especially in pathogenic cells
Definition
fever
Term
___ makes you feel ill; therefore you rest and prevent further damage
Definition
fever
Term
molecular defenses in the complement system _____
Definition
participate in the lysis of foreign substances
Term
interferons are ____
Definition
antiviral proteins
Term
describe how interferons work between host cell 1 and host cell 2
Definition
host cell 1: makes interferon, is killed by virus
host cell 2: protected against virus by interferon made by cell 1
Term
___ are protein molecules released by host cells to non-specifically inhibit the spread of viral infections.
Definition
interferons
Term
___ provides an effective barrier against penetration by disease agents and inhibits and destroys organisms that gain access to host tissues
Definition
immunity
Term
two types of immune responses
Definition
1. humoral immune response
2. cell-mediated response
Term
two main characteristics of the immune system
Definition
1. antigen
2. antibodies
Term
___ is a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with that specific antibody
Definition
antigen
Term
explain antibodies
Definition
-protein
-produced in response to the presence of an antigen
-proteins are called immunoglobulins
-basic structure: 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
- variable regions confer specificity
- chains are held together by disulfide bridges
Term
what are the 4 different types of antibodies
Definition
1. IGG 2. IGA 3. IGM 4. IGE
Term
75-80% of immunoglobulins in the system are ___
Definition
IGG
Term
___ exist as monomers and dimers; they are the antibodies that are passed from mother to child during breastfeeding for the first few days after birth
Definition
IGA
Term
___ are commonly found in the lymph system; they tend to be first produced in response to infection
Definition
IGMs
Term
___ are monomers and we are not quite sure what they do
Definition
IGGs
Term
explain the humoral immune response
Definition
-antibodies dissolved in extracellular fluid
-B lymphocytes (B cells)
-lymphoid follicles - appendix, tonsils, and spleen
Term
___ are stimulated by the presence of an antigen
Definition
B cells
Term
B cells, as a result of being stimulated by an antigen, differentiate into ___ and ___
Definition
plasma cells; memory cells
Term
___ cells then produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen that triggered the whole process
Definition
plasma cells
Term
___ cells are cells that retain the memory of the antigen and the type of antibody that needed to be produced
Definition
memory cells
Term
explain the cell mediated response
Definition
- T cells
- no antibodies secreted
- antigen receptors on cells
- destroys bacteria and viruses within host cells
- cytokines
Term
T cells differentiate into ___ and ____ cells
Definition
T helper cells; T cytotoxic cells
Term
cells involved in triggering the immune destruction of tagged cells; they are necessary for B cell activation
Definition
T helper cells
Term
Tc cells _____
Definition
kill infected cells
Term
NK cells are ____
Definition
natural killer cells; they kill cells infected by virus/cause apoprosis
Term
what are the target of the AIDS virus?
Definition
T helper cells
Term
the second exposure elicits a ___ and ___ immune response
Definition
greater; faster
Term
_ = serum
_ = breastmilk
_ = allergic reactions
_ = initial type of antibodies produced
Definition
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgM
Term
it takes about ___ before you are exposed to something before the first antibodies show up; it takes nearly __ before large quantities of immunoglobulins show up
Definition
5 days; 2 weeks
Term
4 types of acquired immunity
Definition
1) naturally acquired active immunity
2) naturally acquired passive immunity
3) artificially acquired active immunity
4) artificially acquired passive immunity
Term
how does one gain naturally acquired active immunity?
Definition
direct exposure (directly exposed to antigen and body produced and memorized antibody)
Term
naturally acquired passive immunity example
Definition
newborns and mothers breastmilk (babies acquire immunity from mothers breastmilk)
Term
artificially acquired active immunity?
Definition
vaccination to receive antigen
Term
artificially acquired passive immunity
Definition
receive antibodies/antitoxins which work for a temporary amount of time
Term
some vaccines involve live antigens, such as the ___, though they are usually weakended. inactive vaccines include ___.
Definition
sabin polio; salk polio
Term
in a ___ you are actually given antibodies to the toxin
Definition
toxoid vaccine (tetanus)
Term
___ is used against venom
Definition
antiserum (passive antibodies)
Term
Elisa direct test, tests for ___
Definition
presence of antigen in system; if antigen is present it will bind to antibody
Term
Elisa indirect test, tests for ...
Definition
the presence of the antibody in the system
Term
immunological disorders/concerns
Definition
-hypersensitivities
-allergies
-autoimmune disease
- tissue matching
- ABO blood grouping/hemolytic disease of newborn
Term
type I hypersensitivities
Definition
-asthma, hay fever, hives
- immune system overreacts and produces a large number of IgE
- histamine release; histamine causes swelling by vasodilation; swelling of tissues
- anaphylactic shock if extreme
Term
type II hypersensitivities
Definition
- cells destroyed
- blood typing
- hemolytic disease of the newborn
- donors antigens with recipients antibodies
Term
what antigens and antibodies does each blood type contain
Definition
Blood type Antigen Antibody
A A B
B B A
AB A+B -
O - A+B
Term
A type blood can be given to ___; and can receive ___
Definition
anybody that does not have A antibodies so A and AB; from A or O
Term
B type blood can be given to ___; and can receive ___
Definition
anybody that does not have B antibodies so B and AB; from B or O
Term
AB blood type can donate to ___; and can receive ____
Definition
AB only; universal recipient and can receive all blood types
Term
blood type O can receive from ___; and donate to ___
Definition
blood type O only; universal donor and can donate to all
Term
blood can either be __ or ___
Definition
Rhesus + or Rhesus -
Term
if mother and newborn child are both RH-, then ___
Definition
no problem
Term
if child Rh + and mom Rh -, then ___
Definition
the mothers body starts to produce antibodies against the fetus; child does not suffer ill effects against this; if another Rh+ fetus comes along then the mothers body will attack the fetus
Term
most immune disorders are some sort of ___
Definition
hypersensitivities
Term
type III hypersensitivities
Definition
- immune complex formed, from complement activation, later will release chemicals that cause damage
- kidney and lung damage
Term
type IV hypersensitivities
Definition
- cell mediated hypersensitivity
- delayed reactions
- happens with tissue grafts
Term
autograft
Definition
tissue moved to different location from another location on the body
Term
isograft
Definition
Type of graft in which tissues are moved between genetically identical individuals (identical twins)
Term
allograft
Definition
Type of graft in which tissues are transplanted from a donor to a genetically dissimilar recipient of the same species.
Term
xenograft
Definition
graft between different species
Term
autoimmune diseases
Definition
Any of a group of diseases which result when an individual begins to make autoantibodies or cytotoxic T cells against normal body components. diabetes, ms, lupus, RA
Term
commensalism
Definition
one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither harmed nor benefited
Term
mutualism
Definition
both organisms benefit from the relationship
Term
parasitism
Definition
one organism benefits while the other is harmed
Term
opportunistic organisms
Definition
potentially pathogenic organisms, given the right set of circumstances these organisms can become pathogenic
Term
what are 3 of the right set of cirumstances for an opportunistic organism to become a pathogen?
Definition
1. immune suppression due to flu, chemo, etc.
2. changes in normal biota due to antibiotics
3. normal biota in unusual places. ex: e coli is normally present in the digestive tract, but if it gets into the respiratory tract it could cause illness.
Term
state Koch's postulates
Definition
1. organism is always present in infected individual
2. you can isolate and grow the organism
3. innoculation leads to disease
4. can reisolate organism
Term
exceptions to kochs postulates
Definition
1. viruses or obligate intracellular parasites
2. several viruses have the same symptoms but are caused by different pathogens
3. immunity from past exposure would prevent some people from getting the disease
Term
3 ways in which infectious diseases are classified
Definition
1. contagious
2. incidence
3. prevalence
Term
contagious
Definition
easily spread from one person to another
Term
incidence
Definition
the fraction of a population that contracts the disease during a particular time period (new cases)
Term
prevalence
Definition
the fraction of the population that have the disease at a particular time. (new cases + people who were sick before; always greater or equal to incidence)
Term
local vs. systemic infection
Definition
local = contained in a particular area or organ system
systemic = spread throughout your body; much more serious than local infection
Term
bacterial systemic infection
Definition
bacteremia
Term
toxic systemic infections
Definition
toxemia
Term
viral systemic infection
Definition
viremia
Term
primary vs. secondary infections
Definition
primary: can infect a healthy individual
secondary: can only infect an immunocomprimised individual. occurs as a result of primary infections.
Term
subclinical infection
Definition
A subclinical infection is the asymptomatic (without apparent sign) carrying of an (infection) by an individual of an agent (microbe, intestinal parasite, or virus) that usually is a pathogen causing illness, at least in some individuals.
Term
In medicine, a disease is considered _____ if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms.
Definition
asymptomatic
Term
reservoirs for the organisms that are causing the infection (3)
Definition
1. humans
2. animals
3. non-living objects
Term
contact transmission =
prevention =
Definition
contact between sick and healthy individual.
prevention = isolate sick individual, wash hands
Term
vehicle transmission =
prevention =
Definition
= carried from one individual to another from some sort of nonliving vehicle.
= sanitize clean blankets, cups, etc.
Term
vector transmission =
prevention =
Definition
=transferred by a living organism (animal)
= eliminate vector
Term
Can there be more than one way of transmission for a particular disease
Definition
yes
Term
nosocomial infections
Definition
acquired within a hospital or institution
Term
3 factors that set up a system for a nosocomial infection:
Definition
1. compromised host: come in with infections or have surgery that stresses and traumatizes the system.
2. chain of transmission: nurses spread infections from patient to patient; only factor you can really reduce
3. microorganisms in hospital environment: more pathogenic that normal/everyday microorganisms; very difficult to totally eliminate.
Term
predisposing factors
Definition
anything that makes the body more susceptible to disease. ex. comprimised immune system, gender, stress, nutrition, stress, etc.
Term
development of disease: there are a number of distinct stages in a disease, give 5
Definition
1. period of incubation
2. prodiomal period
3. period of illness
4. period of decline
5. period of convalescence
Term
period of incubation
Definition
not experiencing any symptoms, but the organism is beginning to replicate
Term
prodiomal period
Definition
start feeling the first effects of the organism
Term
period of illness
Definition
have full blown infection, feel very sick. from here you can recover and go into convalescence or die
Term
period of decline
Definition
patient feel they are getting better, but they are still immunocompromised
Term
period of convalescence
Definition
essentially better but still not %100, secondary infections can still take place
Term
do organisms have stages of all different lengths and develop in different ways
Definition
yes
Term
____ may cause disease if introduced into an unusual site in the body
Definition
normal bacteria flora
Term
how are we exposed to pathogens
Definition
through food, water, air, drugs, and accidental exposure
Term
what are some portals of entry for a pathogen?
Definition
- mucous membrane
- respiratory tract (#1)
- gastrointestinal tract (#2)
- genitourinary tract
- conjunctiva
- skin
- parenteral route (needle stick)
Term
adherence factors of pathogens
Definition
adhesins
fimbriae
capsules
biofilms
Term
Molecules that attach pathogens to their target cells.
Definition
adhesins
Term
Sticky, proteinaceous extensions of some bacterial cells that function to adhere cells to one another and to environmental surfaces.
Definition
fimbriae
Term
A slimy community of microbes growing on a surface
Definition
biofilm
Term
Glycocalyx composed of repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to the cell surface.
Definition
capsule
Term
chemical groups that give the microorganism toxic, pathogenic properties
Definition
virulence agents
Term
examples of virulence agents
Definition
- adhesion factors
- extracellular enzymes (kinases, collagenase, coagulase) help invasion process
- antiphagocytic factors (capsules, M protein, leukocidins)
- toxins (exo, endo, entero)
Term
exotoxins
Definition
- produced inside bacteria and released out of cell
- proteins
- food poisoning from foods that are not heated
-susceptible to heat
- mostly come from gram postive bacteria
- very toxic
Term
endotoxins
Definition
- cell bound
- lipids (lipid A, G-, LPS)
- pyrogens - fever producing
- salmonella typhi
- treatment = IVs to give fluids; let infection run its course
- if you take antibiotics, you will kill all the pathogens releasing all the toxins in you body simultaneously
- mostly come from gram negative bacteria
- weak, but fatal in large doses
Term
enterotoxins
Definition
- secreted toxin taken in by hosts
- causes fluid loss in cells
- large volumes of watery diarrhea
Term
who, what, when, where, why, how of a disease
Definition
epidemiology
Term
define virulent
Definition
measure of pathogenicity
Term
define infectious
Definition
causes infection
Term
define pathogenic
Definition
capable of producing disease
Term
in industialized countries 3/4 of deaths are due to ____
Definition
cancer and cardiovascular disease
Term
in developing regions, ___ cause 1/2 the deaths
Definition
infectious agents and parasitic diseases
Term
nonspecific defense mechinisms (generic)
Definition
1st level = physical and chemical barriers
2nd level (organism has invaded system) = cellular defenses: inflammation, fever, & molecular defense)
Term
explain the 1st line of defense
Definition
- prevent bacteria from invading
- skin is inhabited by bacteria that inhibit the growth of other bacteria; if they were not there you would be very prone to fungal infection.
- sebaceous glands produce sebum which discourages pathogen growth
- sweat glands lower pH thus inhibiting pathogen growth
Term
mucous membranes
Definition
- block penetration of microbes and secretes mucous
- glycoproteins and electrolytes
- track pathogens and prevents them from going any further
- mucous produced by goblet cells
- forms a protective layer
- prevents drying and cracking of mucous membranes
- traps pathogens
Term
list 4 other 1st line defenses
Definition
- tears
- ciliated epithelium
- cough reflex = trying to get rid of junk in lungs (green mucus = dead bacterial cells)
- epiglottis = gag reflex
Term
second line of defense
Definition
- cellular defenses
- defensive cells: white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets
Term
how can white blood cells/leukocytes be separated
Definition
-Granulocytes: grainy look to cells when they are stained
1. basophils: histamines, inflammation
2. mast cells: allergies
3. neutrophils: phagocytes
4. eosinophils: phagocytes, allergies, worm infections
-agranulocytes: lack grainy appearance
1. monocytes: phagocytic cells
2. lymphocytes: phagocytinc cells
Term
list the steps in the process of phagocytosis
Definition
1. chemotaxis: white blood cell is attracted to invader (things on surface of bacterial cell)
2. adherence to each other
3. ingestion of bacterial cell
4. digestion: vacuole fuses with lysosome, broken down material used or excreted
Term
the increased virulence of capsulated bacterial strains is due to the ___ which helps cells avoid phagocytosis
Definition
capsular polysaccharide
Term
a body's defensive response to tissue damage from microbial infection, also responds to physical damage
Definition
inflammation
Term
symptoms of localized infection
Definition
local heat, pain, swelling, redness
Term
describe the inflammatory process
Definition
- histamine released by basophils
- diffuses into capillaries causing vasodilation
- this increases blood flow to injury site
- blood delivers clotting factors, nutrients
Term
fever
Definition
-raises body temp above optimum growing temperature for many pathogens
- heat increases rate of reactions for white blood cells
- let low grade fever run its course
- fevers make you feel ill, therefore you rest preventing further damage
Term
list 3 molecular defenses
Definition
1. complement system
2. interferons
3. antigens
Term
complement system
Definition
causes lysis of bacterial cells; bacterial cells activate one protein which in turn activates more, this cascade effect causes inflammation and tagging for phagocytic direct killing
Term
interferons
Definition
antiviral proteins; gene becomes activated once virus enters, releases interferon, moves to uninfected neighboring cells and tells them to turn on anti-viral proteins
Term
antigens
Definition
trigger immune responses, specifically the production of antibodies
Term
immune response that provides effective barrier against penetration by disease agents and inhibits and destroys organisms that gain access to hosts tissues
Definition
humoral immune response
Term
immune response after pathogen has entered cell
Definition
cell-mediated response
Term
when antigens and antibodies bind, ____
Definition
the antigen is destroyed in some way
Term
antigen
Definition
chemical that triggers antibody response
Term
antibodies
Definition
proteins produced in response to the presence of an antigen; immunoglobulins; basic structure is 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, quaternary structure, variable regions confer specificity
Term
toxins which are proteins are usually ___
toxins which are lipids are ____
Definition
exotoxins
endotoxins
Term
antibodies can exist as __,__, ___. the part that can vary on an antibody is where it binds ____
Definition
monomers, dimers, pentamers; antigen molecules
Term
___ is secreted in high concentration in mothers breast milk 24 hours after birth
Definition
IGA
Term
___ are produced in large concentrations during allergic reactions
Definition
IGEs
Term
__/__ are produced when immune system is in the presence of an antigen
Definition
IGG/IGMs
Term
antibodies can work in 3 ways
Definition
1. agglutination
2. neutralize toxins by binding them
3. WBCs will destroy cells that have antibodies attached to them
Term
explain the humoral immune system
Definition
- antibodies dissolved in extracellular fluids
- B lymphocytes
- lymphoid follicles = produced in the appendix, tonsils, spleen
- B cells are stimulated by the presence of antigen, T cells assist. B cells differentiate into:
1. plasma cells: produce and secrete antibodies specific to antigen that caused stimulation
2. memory cells: retain the memory of the antigen and what type of antibody was produced
Term
explain the cell mediated immune response
Definition
- T cells
- no antibodies secreted
- antigen receptors on cells
- destroys bacteria and viruses within host cells
-cytokines
- triggering of t lymphocytes, t cells differentiate into:
1. helper t cells: release cytokines which activate other cells of the immune system, necessary for B cell activation.

2. cytotoxic T cells: kill infected cells by punching holes in cells
Term
Monocytes, macrophages, and their close relatives that process antigens and activate cells of the immune system.
Definition
antigen presenting cell (APC)
Term
___; helper T cell binds to human cell and triggers it to make interleukin 1 which further stimulates T helper cell which in turn produces interleukin 2 which triggers T helper cell to continuously clone itself
Definition
Antigen presenting cell (APC)
Term
T helper cells then produce ___ which stimulate __ cells and ___ cells which triggers humoral immune response
Definition
cytokines; Tc; B
Term
AIDS virus targets ___ cells which are the most needed, and most vulnerable. Drugs work to ____
Definition
T helper; mutate virus DNA or block surface determinants on virus
Term
Immune response: second exposure ____. ex: if you get poison ivy more than once, then you will get the nasty rash, it will not happen the very first time you come in contact with the plant.
Definition
elicits a greater and faster response
Term
the immune system is ___
Definition
interconnected
Term
naturally acquired active immunity:
naturally acquired passive immunity:
artificially acquired active immunity:
artificially acquired pass. immunity:
Definition
direct exposure
newborns, breast milk
vaccinations, antigens
antibodies, antitoxins
Term
what is the function of a histamine
Definition
a vasodilator
Term
types of immunization, vaccines:
Definition
1. active antigens - vaccinated using an attenuated pathogen, can backfire and cause disease (sabin polio)
2. inactive vaccines (salk polio)
3. toxoid vaccines (tetanus) - inactive toxin
4. passive antibodies - antiserum (against venom)
Term
How do we measure immunity
Definition
with the antibody-antigen response
Term
Direct ELISA test detects ____
Indirect ELISA test detects ___
Definition
detects antigens/current infection
detects antibodies/current or previous
Term
type I hypersensitivities
Definition
- vasodilation
- asthma
- hay fever
- hives
- Large # of IGEs
- histamine relase
- possible anaphylactic shock: airways constrict due to swelling of tissues surrounding airways
Term
type 2 hypersensitivities
Definition
- cells destroyed
- blood typing
- Rh + or -
Term
if mother is Rh - and child is Rh +
Definition
problem with second child
Term
if mother is Rh + and child is Rh -
Definition
no problem
Term
type 3 hypersensitivities
Definition
- immune complex formed from complement activation - later will release chemicals that cause damage.
- kidney and lung damage
Term
type 4 hypersensitivities
Definition
- caused by exposure to antigen that stimulates immune response
- poison ivy
- stronger second exposure reaction due to memory cells
Term
autoimmune diseases
Definition
- also involves some of the different types of hypersensitivities
- body turns on itself, decides some part of it is an antigen
- produce antibodies against own cells that damage them
- usually an increase or decrease in hormone production
- diabetes, ra, transplant rejection, lupus
Term
autograft
Definition
tissue moved to different location on the body - best type to avoid rejection
Term
isograft
Definition
receive graft from identical twin - should not be a risk of rejection
Term
allograft
Definition
receive donated tissue from an individual not genetically identical to you but relatively similar - the closer the match, the lower the risk of rejection.
Term
xenograft
Definition
graft between different species, such as pig heart valves going into humans, last resort!
Term
at the beginning of an immune system response __ is produced, but later it is mainly __ that is produced
Definition
IgM, IgG
Term
descibe the structure of a virus
Definition
double or single stranded DNA or RNA, capsid protein coat, optional envelope and spikes, super small
Term
naked virus
Definition
no envelope
Term
capsids are ___
Definition
polymers of capsomere proteins
Term
spikes act as ___
Definition
antigens; H1N1 virus had H1 and N1 spikes
Term
virus characteristics
Definition
1. host specific
2. filterable
3. obligate intracellular parasites
Term
what is an obligate intracellular parasite
Definition
Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources.
Term
life cycle of a virus
Definition
1. attachment - specific site
2. penetration - phagocytosis
3. uncoating
4. replication
5. assembly
6. release - lysis, budding out
Term
cycle of a lysogenic virus
Definition
becomes incorporated into cells genome, lag period where virus is not expressed, much harder for immune system to handle
Term
life cycle of a lytic virus
Definition
kills host cell
Term
budding off
Definition
viruses with envelope, does not kill host cell so it can continue to churn out additional viral particles
Term
aids targets __ cells, nosocomial infections are acquired in ___ and ___
Definition
T helper; hospitals; institutions
Term
mushrooms =
Definition
toad stools
Term
yeasts are __ celled, whereas molds are ___ celled
Definition
single; multi
Term
hyphal mass =
Definition
mycelium, grows in soil
Term
spores =
Definition
asexual and sexual
Term
nutritional adaptations of fungi
Definition
- can tolerate acidic environments where bacteria cannot survive.
- aerobic, grow on surface
- yeasts can revert to fermentation pathways if needed
- more resistant to osmotic pressure, can grown in high salt/sugar environments
- can grown in low moisture
- require less nitrogen than bacteria
Term
fungi are ___, only invade immunocompromised people
Definition
opportunistic pathogens
Term
fungi often occur as __, especially after taking ___
Definition
secondary infections, antibiotics
Term
Fungi __ use carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source, and are therefore heterotrophs
Definition
cannot
Term
treatment of fungal infections
Definition
- eukaryotic cells, so you are limited in targets and dosage treatments are slow
- mostly topical
- works by affecting permeability of cells
- most treatments are fungistatic, prevent further spread but do not kill what is already present
Term
protozoans have __ life cycles
Definition
complex
Term
drugs used to treat protozoan infections generally go for the ____, cause many ___
Definition
slow kill; side effects
Term
current infectious disease threats
Definition
1. emergence of naturally hypervirulent strains such as SARS and H1N1
2. bioterrorism
3. emergence of drug resistand bacteria
Term
parasitive survival factors
Definition
1.parasites have successfully adapted to almost all environmental niches within hosts
2. parasites that are best adapted are least pathogenic
3. parasite-host relationships are typically long term/chronic
Term
by definition, all ___ injure their hosts
Definition
parasites
Term
the study of the cause of a disease
Definition
etiology
Term
Study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans.
Definition
epidemiology
Term
the ability of a microorganism to cause disease is termed ___, and the degree is termed ___
Definition
pathogenicity; virulence
Term
___, also called lipid A, is released when the bacterial cells die naturally or are digested by phagocytic cells such as macrophages
Definition
endotoxins
Term
many organisms secrete __ that are central to their pathogenicity in that they destroy host cells or interfere with metabolism. what are the three types?
Definition
exotoxins;
1. cytotoxins
2. neurotoxins
3. enterotoxins
Term
diseases that spread naturally from their usual animal hosts to humans are called ___
Definition
zoonotic diseases
Term
if a disease develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, it is called an ___
Definition
acute disease
Term
___ diseases develop slowly and are continual or recurrent
Definition
chronic
Term
___ diseases are those in which a pathogen remain inactive for a long period of time before becoming active.
Definition
latent
Term
when an infectious disease comes from another infected host, either directly or indirectly, it is ___
Definition
communicable
Term
if a communicable disease is easily transmitted between hosts, it is also called a ___ disease
Definition
contagious
Term
___ diseases arise outside of hosts or from normal microbiota
Definition
noncommunicable
Term
___ are a subset of nosocomial infections that ironically are the direct result of modern medical procedures such as the use of catheters, invasive procedures, and surgery.
Definition
iatrogenic infection
Term
the first and second lines of the bodys defenses are ___
Definition
nonspecific
Term
5 steps of phagocytosis
Definition
1) chemotaxis
2) adherence
3) ingestion
4) killing
5) elimination
Term
___ is movement of a cell either toward a chemical stimulus or away from a chemical stimulus
Definition
chemotaxis
Term
The coating of pathogens by proteins called opsonins, making them more vulnerable to phagocytes.
Definition
opsonization
Term
an encompassed pathogen by a phagocyte is known as a __
Definition
phagosome
Term
lysosomes within the phagocyte fuse with newly formed phagosomes to form ___, or digestive vesicles
Definition
phagolysosomes
Term
Set of blood plasma proteins that act as chemotactic attractants, trigger inflammation and fever, and ultimately effect the destruction of foreign cells.
Definition
complement system
Term
Protein molecules that inhibit the spread of viral infections.
Definition
interferons
Term
the bodys ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products
Definition
adaptive or specific immunity
Term
Cell suicide
Definition
apoptosis
Term
Any immune response against a foreign antigen that is exaggerated beyond the norm.
Definition
hypersensitivity
Term
Any of a group of diseases which result when an individual begins to make autoantibodies or cytotoxic T cells against normal body components.
Definition
autoimmune disease
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