Term
the area in which a microorganism enters the body. They may be cuts, lesions, injection sites, or natural body orifices. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
lethal dose for 50% of hosts |
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Term
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Definition
species and strain specific, amount of invading organisms needed to cause disease in 50% of hosts |
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Term
LD 50 must be ___ than ID 50 |
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Definition
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Term
ligands/attachment proteins |
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Definition
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Term
other factors that can allow infectious disease to adhere |
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Definition
fimbriae, capsules, and biofilms |
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Term
Enzymes, toxins, and other factors that affect the relative ability of a pathogen to infect and cause disease. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-produced inside bacteria and released out of cell -proteins -relatively easy to make food safe when the food contains exotoxins -susceptible to heat -botulinum toxin -diphtheria toxin -tetanus -mostly gram +, but some gram - -very toxic |
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Term
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Definition
-cell bound -lipid based toxins -not heat susceptible -mostly gram negative -pyrogens: fever producing -weak but fatal in large doses |
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Term
-secreted toxin takin in by host -fluid loss in cells -proteus |
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Definition
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Term
investigating a disease outbreak; look at the person, place, time, type of disorder, etc |
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Definition
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Term
In industrialized countries, 3/4 of the deaths are due to ____ |
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Definition
cardiovascular disease or cancer |
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Term
in developing countries; ___ cause about half the death |
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Definition
infectious agents and parasitic diseases |
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Term
physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular defenses, inflammation, fever, and molecular defenses are examples of___ |
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Definition
nonspecific defense mechanisms |
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Term
the first line of defense against infectious diseases is to ____ |
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Definition
prevent bacteria from invading in the first place |
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Term
___ is a physical barrier to infection; ___ is also inhabited by bacteria that inhibit the growth of other bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
these produce sebum which discourages bacterial growth |
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Definition
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Term
lowers pH; inhibits bacterial growth |
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Definition
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Term
these block penetration of microbes and secrete mucous |
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Definition
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Term
mucous secreted contains ___ & ___ |
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Definition
glycoproteins; electrolytes |
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Term
___ are cells that produce mucous |
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Definition
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Term
mucous forms a ___ layer and prevents __ & __ of mucous membranes. |
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Definition
protective; drying; cracking |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
tears, ciliated epithelium hairs in nose, cough reflex, epiglottis |
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Term
second line of defenses = |
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Definition
cellular defenses; defensive cells such as white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
basophils, mast cells, neutrophils, eosinophils |
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Term
histamine releasing cells |
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Definition
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Term
produced in large #s in response to allergies |
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Definition
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Term
__ & __ are types of phagocytes |
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Definition
neutrophils & eosinophils |
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Term
agranulocytes include ___ & ___; they are phagocytic cells |
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Definition
monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Term
what are the 4 steps in phagocytosis |
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Definition
1. chemotaxis 2. adherence 3. ingestion 4. digestion |
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Term
a body's defensive response of tissue damage from microbial infection, also responses to physical damage. |
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Definition
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Term
inflammatory process (4 steps) |
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Definition
1. histamine released by basophils 2. diffuses into capillaries causing vasodilation 3. This increases blood flow to injury site. 4. blood delivers clotting factors; nutrients |
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Term
this raises body temp above optimum growing temp for many pathogens |
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Definition
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Term
___ increases heat which increases rate of reactions; especially in pathogenic cells |
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Definition
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Term
___ makes you feel ill; therefore you rest and prevent further damage |
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Definition
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Term
molecular defenses in the complement system _____ |
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Definition
participate in the lysis of foreign substances |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
describe how interferons work between host cell 1 and host cell 2 |
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Definition
host cell 1: makes interferon, is killed by virus host cell 2: protected against virus by interferon made by cell 1 |
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Term
___ are protein molecules released by host cells to non-specifically inhibit the spread of viral infections. |
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Definition
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Term
___ provides an effective barrier against penetration by disease agents and inhibits and destroys organisms that gain access to host tissues |
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Definition
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Term
two types of immune responses |
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Definition
1. humoral immune response 2. cell-mediated response |
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Term
two main characteristics of the immune system |
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Definition
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Term
___ is a chemical that elicits an antibody response and can combine with that specific antibody |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-protein -produced in response to the presence of an antigen -proteins are called immunoglobulins -basic structure: 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains - variable regions confer specificity - chains are held together by disulfide bridges |
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Term
what are the 4 different types of antibodies |
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Definition
1. IGG 2. IGA 3. IGM 4. IGE |
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Term
75-80% of immunoglobulins in the system are ___ |
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Definition
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Term
___ exist as monomers and dimers; they are the antibodies that are passed from mother to child during breastfeeding for the first few days after birth |
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Definition
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Term
___ are commonly found in the lymph system; they tend to be first produced in response to infection |
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Definition
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Term
___ are monomers and we are not quite sure what they do |
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Definition
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Term
explain the humoral immune response |
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Definition
-antibodies dissolved in extracellular fluid -B lymphocytes (B cells) -lymphoid follicles - appendix, tonsils, and spleen |
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Term
___ are stimulated by the presence of an antigen |
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Definition
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Term
B cells, as a result of being stimulated by an antigen, differentiate into ___ and ___ |
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Definition
plasma cells; memory cells |
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Term
___ cells then produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen that triggered the whole process |
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Definition
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Term
___ cells are cells that retain the memory of the antigen and the type of antibody that needed to be produced |
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Definition
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Term
explain the cell mediated response |
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Definition
- T cells - no antibodies secreted - antigen receptors on cells - destroys bacteria and viruses within host cells - cytokines |
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Term
T cells differentiate into ___ and ____ cells |
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Definition
T helper cells; T cytotoxic cells |
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Term
cells involved in triggering the immune destruction of tagged cells; they are necessary for B cell activation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
natural killer cells; they kill cells infected by virus/cause apoprosis |
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Term
what are the target of the AIDS virus? |
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Definition
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Term
the second exposure elicits a ___ and ___ immune response |
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Definition
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Term
_ = serum _ = breastmilk _ = allergic reactions _ = initial type of antibodies produced |
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Definition
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Term
it takes about ___ before you are exposed to something before the first antibodies show up; it takes nearly __ before large quantities of immunoglobulins show up |
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Definition
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Term
4 types of acquired immunity |
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Definition
1) naturally acquired active immunity 2) naturally acquired passive immunity 3) artificially acquired active immunity 4) artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Term
how does one gain naturally acquired active immunity? |
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Definition
direct exposure (directly exposed to antigen and body produced and memorized antibody) |
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Term
naturally acquired passive immunity example |
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Definition
newborns and mothers breastmilk (babies acquire immunity from mothers breastmilk) |
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Term
artificially acquired active immunity? |
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Definition
vaccination to receive antigen |
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Term
artificially acquired passive immunity |
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Definition
receive antibodies/antitoxins which work for a temporary amount of time |
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Term
some vaccines involve live antigens, such as the ___, though they are usually weakended. inactive vaccines include ___. |
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Definition
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Term
in a ___ you are actually given antibodies to the toxin |
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Definition
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Term
___ is used against venom |
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Definition
antiserum (passive antibodies) |
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Term
Elisa direct test, tests for ___ |
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Definition
presence of antigen in system; if antigen is present it will bind to antibody |
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Term
Elisa indirect test, tests for ... |
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Definition
the presence of the antibody in the system |
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Term
immunological disorders/concerns |
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Definition
-hypersensitivities -allergies -autoimmune disease - tissue matching - ABO blood grouping/hemolytic disease of newborn |
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Term
type I hypersensitivities |
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Definition
-asthma, hay fever, hives - immune system overreacts and produces a large number of IgE - histamine release; histamine causes swelling by vasodilation; swelling of tissues - anaphylactic shock if extreme |
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Term
type II hypersensitivities |
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Definition
- cells destroyed - blood typing - hemolytic disease of the newborn - donors antigens with recipients antibodies |
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Term
what antigens and antibodies does each blood type contain |
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Definition
Blood type Antigen Antibody A A B B B A AB A+B - O - A+B |
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Term
A type blood can be given to ___; and can receive ___ |
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Definition
anybody that does not have A antibodies so A and AB; from A or O |
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Term
B type blood can be given to ___; and can receive ___ |
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Definition
anybody that does not have B antibodies so B and AB; from B or O |
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Term
AB blood type can donate to ___; and can receive ____ |
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Definition
AB only; universal recipient and can receive all blood types |
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Term
blood type O can receive from ___; and donate to ___ |
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Definition
blood type O only; universal donor and can donate to all |
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Term
blood can either be __ or ___ |
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Definition
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Term
if mother and newborn child are both RH-, then ___ |
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Definition
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Term
if child Rh + and mom Rh -, then ___ |
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Definition
the mothers body starts to produce antibodies against the fetus; child does not suffer ill effects against this; if another Rh+ fetus comes along then the mothers body will attack the fetus |
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Term
most immune disorders are some sort of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
type III hypersensitivities |
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Definition
- immune complex formed, from complement activation, later will release chemicals that cause damage - kidney and lung damage |
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Term
type IV hypersensitivities |
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Definition
- cell mediated hypersensitivity - delayed reactions - happens with tissue grafts |
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Term
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Definition
tissue moved to different location from another location on the body |
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Term
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Definition
Type of graft in which tissues are moved between genetically identical individuals (identical twins) |
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Term
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Definition
Type of graft in which tissues are transplanted from a donor to a genetically dissimilar recipient of the same species. |
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Term
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Definition
graft between different species |
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Term
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Definition
Any of a group of diseases which result when an individual begins to make autoantibodies or cytotoxic T cells against normal body components. diabetes, ms, lupus, RA |
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Term
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Definition
one organism benefits from the relationship while the other is neither harmed nor benefited |
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Term
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Definition
both organisms benefit from the relationship |
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Term
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Definition
one organism benefits while the other is harmed |
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Term
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Definition
potentially pathogenic organisms, given the right set of circumstances these organisms can become pathogenic |
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Term
what are 3 of the right set of cirumstances for an opportunistic organism to become a pathogen? |
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Definition
1. immune suppression due to flu, chemo, etc. 2. changes in normal biota due to antibiotics 3. normal biota in unusual places. ex: e coli is normally present in the digestive tract, but if it gets into the respiratory tract it could cause illness. |
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Term
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Definition
1. organism is always present in infected individual 2. you can isolate and grow the organism 3. innoculation leads to disease 4. can reisolate organism |
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Term
exceptions to kochs postulates |
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Definition
1. viruses or obligate intracellular parasites 2. several viruses have the same symptoms but are caused by different pathogens 3. immunity from past exposure would prevent some people from getting the disease |
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Term
3 ways in which infectious diseases are classified |
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Definition
1. contagious 2. incidence 3. prevalence |
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Term
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Definition
easily spread from one person to another |
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Term
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Definition
the fraction of a population that contracts the disease during a particular time period (new cases) |
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Term
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Definition
the fraction of the population that have the disease at a particular time. (new cases + people who were sick before; always greater or equal to incidence) |
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Term
local vs. systemic infection |
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Definition
local = contained in a particular area or organ system systemic = spread throughout your body; much more serious than local infection |
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Term
bacterial systemic infection |
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Definition
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Term
toxic systemic infections |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
primary vs. secondary infections |
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Definition
primary: can infect a healthy individual secondary: can only infect an immunocomprimised individual. occurs as a result of primary infections. |
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Term
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Definition
A subclinical infection is the asymptomatic (without apparent sign) carrying of an (infection) by an individual of an agent (microbe, intestinal parasite, or virus) that usually is a pathogen causing illness, at least in some individuals. |
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Term
In medicine, a disease is considered _____ if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
reservoirs for the organisms that are causing the infection (3) |
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Definition
1. humans 2. animals 3. non-living objects |
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Term
contact transmission = prevention = |
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Definition
contact between sick and healthy individual. prevention = isolate sick individual, wash hands |
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Term
vehicle transmission = prevention = |
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Definition
= carried from one individual to another from some sort of nonliving vehicle. = sanitize clean blankets, cups, etc. |
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Term
vector transmission = prevention = |
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Definition
=transferred by a living organism (animal) = eliminate vector |
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Term
Can there be more than one way of transmission for a particular disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
acquired within a hospital or institution |
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Term
3 factors that set up a system for a nosocomial infection: |
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Definition
1. compromised host: come in with infections or have surgery that stresses and traumatizes the system. 2. chain of transmission: nurses spread infections from patient to patient; only factor you can really reduce 3. microorganisms in hospital environment: more pathogenic that normal/everyday microorganisms; very difficult to totally eliminate. |
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Term
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Definition
anything that makes the body more susceptible to disease. ex. comprimised immune system, gender, stress, nutrition, stress, etc. |
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Term
development of disease: there are a number of distinct stages in a disease, give 5 |
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Definition
1. period of incubation 2. prodiomal period 3. period of illness 4. period of decline 5. period of convalescence |
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Term
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Definition
not experiencing any symptoms, but the organism is beginning to replicate |
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Term
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Definition
start feeling the first effects of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
have full blown infection, feel very sick. from here you can recover and go into convalescence or die |
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Term
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Definition
patient feel they are getting better, but they are still immunocompromised |
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Term
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Definition
essentially better but still not %100, secondary infections can still take place |
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Term
do organisms have stages of all different lengths and develop in different ways |
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Definition
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Term
____ may cause disease if introduced into an unusual site in the body |
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Definition
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Term
how are we exposed to pathogens |
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Definition
through food, water, air, drugs, and accidental exposure |
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Term
what are some portals of entry for a pathogen? |
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Definition
- mucous membrane - respiratory tract (#1) - gastrointestinal tract (#2) - genitourinary tract - conjunctiva - skin - parenteral route (needle stick) |
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Term
adherence factors of pathogens |
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Definition
adhesins fimbriae capsules biofilms |
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Term
Molecules that attach pathogens to their target cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Sticky, proteinaceous extensions of some bacterial cells that function to adhere cells to one another and to environmental surfaces. |
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Definition
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Term
A slimy community of microbes growing on a surface |
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Definition
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Term
Glycocalyx composed of repeating units of organic chemicals firmly attached to the cell surface. |
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Definition
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Term
chemical groups that give the microorganism toxic, pathogenic properties |
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Definition
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Term
examples of virulence agents |
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Definition
- adhesion factors - extracellular enzymes (kinases, collagenase, coagulase) help invasion process - antiphagocytic factors (capsules, M protein, leukocidins) - toxins (exo, endo, entero) |
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Term
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Definition
- produced inside bacteria and released out of cell - proteins - food poisoning from foods that are not heated -susceptible to heat - mostly come from gram postive bacteria - very toxic |
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Term
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Definition
- cell bound - lipids (lipid A, G-, LPS) - pyrogens - fever producing - salmonella typhi - treatment = IVs to give fluids; let infection run its course - if you take antibiotics, you will kill all the pathogens releasing all the toxins in you body simultaneously - mostly come from gram negative bacteria - weak, but fatal in large doses |
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Term
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Definition
- secreted toxin taken in by hosts - causes fluid loss in cells - large volumes of watery diarrhea |
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Term
who, what, when, where, why, how of a disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
capable of producing disease |
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Term
in industialized countries 3/4 of deaths are due to ____ |
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Definition
cancer and cardiovascular disease |
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Term
in developing regions, ___ cause 1/2 the deaths |
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Definition
infectious agents and parasitic diseases |
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Term
nonspecific defense mechinisms (generic) |
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Definition
1st level = physical and chemical barriers 2nd level (organism has invaded system) = cellular defenses: inflammation, fever, & molecular defense) |
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Term
explain the 1st line of defense |
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Definition
- prevent bacteria from invading - skin is inhabited by bacteria that inhibit the growth of other bacteria; if they were not there you would be very prone to fungal infection. - sebaceous glands produce sebum which discourages pathogen growth - sweat glands lower pH thus inhibiting pathogen growth |
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Term
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Definition
- block penetration of microbes and secretes mucous - glycoproteins and electrolytes - track pathogens and prevents them from going any further - mucous produced by goblet cells - forms a protective layer - prevents drying and cracking of mucous membranes - traps pathogens |
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Term
list 4 other 1st line defenses |
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Definition
- tears - ciliated epithelium - cough reflex = trying to get rid of junk in lungs (green mucus = dead bacterial cells) - epiglottis = gag reflex |
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Term
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Definition
- cellular defenses - defensive cells: white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets |
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Term
how can white blood cells/leukocytes be separated |
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Definition
-Granulocytes: grainy look to cells when they are stained 1. basophils: histamines, inflammation 2. mast cells: allergies 3. neutrophils: phagocytes 4. eosinophils: phagocytes, allergies, worm infections -agranulocytes: lack grainy appearance 1. monocytes: phagocytic cells 2. lymphocytes: phagocytinc cells |
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Term
list the steps in the process of phagocytosis |
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Definition
1. chemotaxis: white blood cell is attracted to invader (things on surface of bacterial cell) 2. adherence to each other 3. ingestion of bacterial cell 4. digestion: vacuole fuses with lysosome, broken down material used or excreted |
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Term
the increased virulence of capsulated bacterial strains is due to the ___ which helps cells avoid phagocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
a body's defensive response to tissue damage from microbial infection, also responds to physical damage |
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Definition
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Term
symptoms of localized infection |
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Definition
local heat, pain, swelling, redness |
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Term
describe the inflammatory process |
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Definition
- histamine released by basophils - diffuses into capillaries causing vasodilation - this increases blood flow to injury site - blood delivers clotting factors, nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
-raises body temp above optimum growing temperature for many pathogens - heat increases rate of reactions for white blood cells - let low grade fever run its course - fevers make you feel ill, therefore you rest preventing further damage |
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Term
list 3 molecular defenses |
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Definition
1. complement system 2. interferons 3. antigens |
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Term
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Definition
causes lysis of bacterial cells; bacterial cells activate one protein which in turn activates more, this cascade effect causes inflammation and tagging for phagocytic direct killing |
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Term
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Definition
antiviral proteins; gene becomes activated once virus enters, releases interferon, moves to uninfected neighboring cells and tells them to turn on anti-viral proteins |
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Term
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Definition
trigger immune responses, specifically the production of antibodies |
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Term
immune response that provides effective barrier against penetration by disease agents and inhibits and destroys organisms that gain access to hosts tissues |
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Definition
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Term
immune response after pathogen has entered cell |
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Definition
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Term
when antigens and antibodies bind, ____ |
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Definition
the antigen is destroyed in some way |
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Term
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Definition
chemical that triggers antibody response |
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Term
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Definition
proteins produced in response to the presence of an antigen; immunoglobulins; basic structure is 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains, quaternary structure, variable regions confer specificity |
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Term
toxins which are proteins are usually ___ toxins which are lipids are ____ |
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Definition
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Term
antibodies can exist as __,__, ___. the part that can vary on an antibody is where it binds ____ |
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Definition
monomers, dimers, pentamers; antigen molecules |
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Term
___ is secreted in high concentration in mothers breast milk 24 hours after birth |
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Definition
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Term
___ are produced in large concentrations during allergic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
__/__ are produced when immune system is in the presence of an antigen |
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Definition
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Term
antibodies can work in 3 ways |
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Definition
1. agglutination 2. neutralize toxins by binding them 3. WBCs will destroy cells that have antibodies attached to them |
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Term
explain the humoral immune system |
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Definition
- antibodies dissolved in extracellular fluids - B lymphocytes - lymphoid follicles = produced in the appendix, tonsils, spleen - B cells are stimulated by the presence of antigen, T cells assist. B cells differentiate into: 1. plasma cells: produce and secrete antibodies specific to antigen that caused stimulation 2. memory cells: retain the memory of the antigen and what type of antibody was produced |
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Term
explain the cell mediated immune response |
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Definition
- T cells - no antibodies secreted - antigen receptors on cells - destroys bacteria and viruses within host cells -cytokines - triggering of t lymphocytes, t cells differentiate into: 1. helper t cells: release cytokines which activate other cells of the immune system, necessary for B cell activation.
2. cytotoxic T cells: kill infected cells by punching holes in cells |
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Term
Monocytes, macrophages, and their close relatives that process antigens and activate cells of the immune system. |
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Definition
antigen presenting cell (APC) |
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Term
___; helper T cell binds to human cell and triggers it to make interleukin 1 which further stimulates T helper cell which in turn produces interleukin 2 which triggers T helper cell to continuously clone itself |
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Definition
Antigen presenting cell (APC) |
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Term
T helper cells then produce ___ which stimulate __ cells and ___ cells which triggers humoral immune response |
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Definition
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Term
AIDS virus targets ___ cells which are the most needed, and most vulnerable. Drugs work to ____ |
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Definition
T helper; mutate virus DNA or block surface determinants on virus |
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Term
Immune response: second exposure ____. ex: if you get poison ivy more than once, then you will get the nasty rash, it will not happen the very first time you come in contact with the plant. |
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Definition
elicits a greater and faster response |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
naturally acquired active immunity: naturally acquired passive immunity: artificially acquired active immunity: artificially acquired pass. immunity: |
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Definition
direct exposure newborns, breast milk vaccinations, antigens antibodies, antitoxins |
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Term
what is the function of a histamine |
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Definition
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Term
types of immunization, vaccines: |
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Definition
1. active antigens - vaccinated using an attenuated pathogen, can backfire and cause disease (sabin polio) 2. inactive vaccines (salk polio) 3. toxoid vaccines (tetanus) - inactive toxin 4. passive antibodies - antiserum (against venom) |
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Term
How do we measure immunity |
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Definition
with the antibody-antigen response |
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Term
Direct ELISA test detects ____ Indirect ELISA test detects ___ |
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Definition
detects antigens/current infection detects antibodies/current or previous |
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Term
type I hypersensitivities |
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Definition
- vasodilation - asthma - hay fever - hives - Large # of IGEs - histamine relase - possible anaphylactic shock: airways constrict due to swelling of tissues surrounding airways |
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Term
type 2 hypersensitivities |
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Definition
- cells destroyed - blood typing - Rh + or - |
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Term
if mother is Rh - and child is Rh + |
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Definition
problem with second child |
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Term
if mother is Rh + and child is Rh - |
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Definition
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|
Term
type 3 hypersensitivities |
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Definition
- immune complex formed from complement activation - later will release chemicals that cause damage. - kidney and lung damage |
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Term
type 4 hypersensitivities |
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Definition
- caused by exposure to antigen that stimulates immune response - poison ivy - stronger second exposure reaction due to memory cells |
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Term
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Definition
- also involves some of the different types of hypersensitivities - body turns on itself, decides some part of it is an antigen - produce antibodies against own cells that damage them - usually an increase or decrease in hormone production - diabetes, ra, transplant rejection, lupus |
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Term
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Definition
tissue moved to different location on the body - best type to avoid rejection |
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Term
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Definition
receive graft from identical twin - should not be a risk of rejection |
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Term
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Definition
receive donated tissue from an individual not genetically identical to you but relatively similar - the closer the match, the lower the risk of rejection. |
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Definition
graft between different species, such as pig heart valves going into humans, last resort! |
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Term
at the beginning of an immune system response __ is produced, but later it is mainly __ that is produced |
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Definition
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Term
descibe the structure of a virus |
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Definition
double or single stranded DNA or RNA, capsid protein coat, optional envelope and spikes, super small |
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Definition
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Definition
polymers of capsomere proteins |
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Definition
antigens; H1N1 virus had H1 and N1 spikes |
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Term
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Definition
1. host specific 2. filterable 3. obligate intracellular parasites |
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Term
what is an obligate intracellular parasite |
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Definition
Obligate intracellular parasites cannot reproduce outside their host cell, meaning that the parasite's reproduction is entirely reliant on intracellular resources. |
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Term
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Definition
1. attachment - specific site 2. penetration - phagocytosis 3. uncoating 4. replication 5. assembly 6. release - lysis, budding out |
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Term
cycle of a lysogenic virus |
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Definition
becomes incorporated into cells genome, lag period where virus is not expressed, much harder for immune system to handle |
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Term
life cycle of a lytic virus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
viruses with envelope, does not kill host cell so it can continue to churn out additional viral particles |
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Term
aids targets __ cells, nosocomial infections are acquired in ___ and ___ |
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Definition
T helper; hospitals; institutions |
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Definition
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Term
yeasts are __ celled, whereas molds are ___ celled |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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nutritional adaptations of fungi |
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Definition
- can tolerate acidic environments where bacteria cannot survive. - aerobic, grow on surface - yeasts can revert to fermentation pathways if needed - more resistant to osmotic pressure, can grown in high salt/sugar environments - can grown in low moisture - require less nitrogen than bacteria |
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Term
fungi are ___, only invade immunocompromised people |
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Definition
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Term
fungi often occur as __, especially after taking ___ |
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Definition
secondary infections, antibiotics |
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Term
Fungi __ use carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source, and are therefore heterotrophs |
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Definition
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Term
treatment of fungal infections |
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Definition
- eukaryotic cells, so you are limited in targets and dosage treatments are slow - mostly topical - works by affecting permeability of cells - most treatments are fungistatic, prevent further spread but do not kill what is already present |
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Term
protozoans have __ life cycles |
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Definition
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Term
drugs used to treat protozoan infections generally go for the ____, cause many ___ |
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Definition
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Term
current infectious disease threats |
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Definition
1. emergence of naturally hypervirulent strains such as SARS and H1N1 2. bioterrorism 3. emergence of drug resistand bacteria |
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Term
parasitive survival factors |
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Definition
1.parasites have successfully adapted to almost all environmental niches within hosts 2. parasites that are best adapted are least pathogenic 3. parasite-host relationships are typically long term/chronic |
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Term
by definition, all ___ injure their hosts |
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Definition
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Term
the study of the cause of a disease |
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Definition
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Term
Study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease in humans. |
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Definition
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Term
the ability of a microorganism to cause disease is termed ___, and the degree is termed ___ |
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Definition
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Term
___, also called lipid A, is released when the bacterial cells die naturally or are digested by phagocytic cells such as macrophages |
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Definition
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Term
many organisms secrete __ that are central to their pathogenicity in that they destroy host cells or interfere with metabolism. what are the three types? |
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Definition
exotoxins; 1. cytotoxins 2. neurotoxins 3. enterotoxins |
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Term
diseases that spread naturally from their usual animal hosts to humans are called ___ |
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Definition
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Term
if a disease develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, it is called an ___ |
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Definition
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Term
___ diseases develop slowly and are continual or recurrent |
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Definition
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Term
___ diseases are those in which a pathogen remain inactive for a long period of time before becoming active. |
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Definition
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Term
when an infectious disease comes from another infected host, either directly or indirectly, it is ___ |
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Definition
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Term
if a communicable disease is easily transmitted between hosts, it is also called a ___ disease |
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Definition
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Term
___ diseases arise outside of hosts or from normal microbiota |
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Definition
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Term
___ are a subset of nosocomial infections that ironically are the direct result of modern medical procedures such as the use of catheters, invasive procedures, and surgery. |
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Definition
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Term
the first and second lines of the bodys defenses are ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) chemotaxis 2) adherence 3) ingestion 4) killing 5) elimination |
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Term
___ is movement of a cell either toward a chemical stimulus or away from a chemical stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
The coating of pathogens by proteins called opsonins, making them more vulnerable to phagocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
an encompassed pathogen by a phagocyte is known as a __ |
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Definition
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Term
lysosomes within the phagocyte fuse with newly formed phagosomes to form ___, or digestive vesicles |
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Definition
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Term
Set of blood plasma proteins that act as chemotactic attractants, trigger inflammation and fever, and ultimately effect the destruction of foreign cells. |
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Definition
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Term
Protein molecules that inhibit the spread of viral infections. |
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Definition
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Term
the bodys ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products |
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Definition
adaptive or specific immunity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Any immune response against a foreign antigen that is exaggerated beyond the norm. |
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Definition
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Term
Any of a group of diseases which result when an individual begins to make autoantibodies or cytotoxic T cells against normal body components. |
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Definition
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