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Definition
| actor-driven; how the individual integrates with society |
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Definition
Those with economic power, physical power, terror, religious, political, intellectual power, all shape social relations.
Bourgeoisie & proletariate. Owners of means of production & the serfs. |
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Definition
| power is embedded into our culture; power can’t be pinpointed to one person. Ideologies, unions, assumptions of gender, etc. Top down. Focuses on the society as a whole; can’t be compared. |
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| power is embedded in the individual. Grass roots, bottom up. Can be compared, is another form of social stratification |
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Definition
system of ideas.
• What types of ideologies affect us?
• Ie., capitalism is seen as the best economic ideology
• Ie., the university cutting costs affects us.
• Ie., political system in Canada affects us, for it is illegal to speed, smoke drugs, etc. |
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| Hereditary, poor are poor forever. Polynesian. People are not equal, Chief clan is royalty. Mostly middle class. Ascribed. |
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| Hereditary slaves & servants in Chiefdom. Own nothing |
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| One who has many followers/clients, and gets them to help him out. ACHIEVED. ONE bigman. Uses his followers to fight or earn. When he is broke or dead, new bigman time. Family has best shot, but NOT a blood thing. |
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| Transitioned from bigmanship to chiefdom. |
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Definition
Social order maintained by feuds between pastoralists. Fairly stable, in fact.
Because of Segmentary Opposition:
• All founded on (patrilineal/agnatic) kinship.
All these agnatic/patrilineal segments are equal |
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Definition
Divided into Tribes (10’s)
Tribes divided into clans (10’s)
Clans divided into Sub Clans
Sub clans divided into Lineages.
SO, all men are bound to each other. Closer the link, tighter your bond. Bigger disputes involve more people, and are avoided. |
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| creates conditions for intergroup violence just as much as it solves problems. This is because the threat of intergroup violence is what keep s conflicts from escalating. |
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| Is economically rational. |
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Definition
| strive to gain the most wealth for the least input. BUT, BAD, this applies only in capitalist/individualistic societies. ALSO, it isn’t the individual who deals in economies, but the household. |
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Definition
focus on men like ‘bigman’. Focus on the position of the individual in economic activity. Actor centered.
Capital, credit, profit, all that are applicable in ALL societies, economically.
Generalized |
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Definition
focus on the systems; more sociological.
More holistic
Considers ecology
Works more on a specific economy/society |
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Definition
EMPHASIS on exchange.
Principle of social life is exchange. Universally, all times and places there has been a universal principle; 3 obligations 1) To give 2) To receive 3) To reciprocate.
• There are certain times when accepting a gift is bad; when one doesn’t want to establish a social relationship |
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| dude who talked about certain types of exchange. Sahlins expanded on his work. All societies have 3 kinds of exchange. |
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| Polanyi's modes of exchange |
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Definition
1) Reciprocity
2) Redistribution
3) Market exchange |
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Definition
Relations BETWEEN people, not maximalist. Pastoralists. 3 kinds:
Generalized; Balanced, Negative. |
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| Center of society. Altruistic gift-giving. No expectations of IMMEDIATE return. B-Days. Expect something at SOME point. |
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| Wider social sphere. Whole of society interacts. EXPLICIT expectation of return. Specified date of return. Ie, bridewealth. |
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Negative for party involved. Theft, warfare.
Ie, stealing horses. |
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| Ongoing reciprocal relationship |
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Definition
| Helping buddy move, then he helps you move, etc etc |
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Definition
3 spheres of goods:
1) Individual goods: slaves/wives
2) Prestige: cattle, brass rods, cloth
3) Subsistence: foodstuffs |
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Definition
| objects used in West Africa to make and enforce agreements. |
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Definition
Good trade is moving UP the classes of goods. Food for cattle or cattle for wife.
Bad trade is down the classes.
Across is neutral.
Type of trade is indicator of your moral worth. |
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Definition
| A good or service produced for exchanging. Can be transformed into gifts. |
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| people use commodities or gifts to maintain a family identity. Gifts which say who a person is. NOT consuming. |
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Definition
Began with Steward & White in 30's.
Cultures have a core of basic ideas/bare essentials of life. Ideas and knowledge of technology (tools and labor structure) |
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Definition
| Hunter gatherers who eat rabbits. |
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Definition
All cultures have a base and superstructure.
Base = basic relations of production
Superstructure = all stuff built on top; religions and other controls. |
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| Critiques of Marx and Steward |
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Definition
| Both materialist. Don't account for individual actor's consciousness. Geertz is correct. |
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Definition
| Does not imply that there are simple ecological causes for cultural phenomena. |
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Definition
KNOWLEDGE OF TECHNICS AND TECHNIQUES.
Artifacts, material tools. Also, beneath the surface they are ideas, knowledge of how to produce things. How people adapt. |
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Definition
Means to get food. DIFFERENT from modes of production. NOT a linear list. Can skip, return, jump, or be several at once.
Also, ideal types. Not necessarily what would be found IRL.
1) Hunter Gatherers 2) Horticulturalists 3) Agriculturalists 4) Pastoralists 5) Peasants 6) Industrial. |
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Definition
| Things we need to live/function |
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Definition
Don’t actively produce anything. ALL comes from collecting of meat/vegetation
Pretty nomadic; need to move around a lot. LOTS of room is needed.
Almost no storage capacity; Little surplus; pretty impossible.
Small bands |
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Term
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Definition
Cultivate plants; they don’t use animals.
“Swidden agriculture”; slash and burn. Need a good bit of space
Slightly more sedentary
Not much capacity for storing a surplus. |
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Term
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Definition
Use of animals in cultivation.
Semi-sedentary
Start to produce surpluses. More capacity |
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Definition
Raising of animals/animal husbandry
Nomadic; just like Foragers. Lots of protein eaten.
Very little surplus.
Symbiotic relationship with the agriculturalists. |
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Definition
Agriculturalists who participate in the global market.
Regular agriculturalists cannot sell land, peasant economies let land be sold. |
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Definition
Agriculture becomes industrialized.
Huuuugue. Surpluses. One farmer can feed many families.
Allows for a very complex division of labour.
“Anonymous market” = most interactions are with strangers. |
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Definition
| slash and burn. Need a good bit of space |
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Definition
About the purchasing of commodities for the goal of expressing one’s power (wealth).
Things like lobster which are dependent on the circumstances encountered; Lobster is more luxurious in Edmonton than in Truro |
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Term
| Who is conspicuous consuming looking to impress? |
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Definition
Performance is for the higher & lower class.
Higher class = fitting in/proving your merit.
Lower class = establishing and maintaining the status quo.
About the WHOLE group |
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Term
| Can gifts become commodities? |
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Definition
Returning or exchanging gifts. Making a return onto the market in a Western society.
NOT that acceptable outside a (western) market system |
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Term
| Adaptive ecological strategies |
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Definition
| Positively adapting to your environment. Windfarms in Lethbridge because it is windy, growing rice in Indonesia. |
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Term
| Maladaptive ecological strategies |
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Definition
| Awesome beneficially at the start, but the maladaptive effects come along later. Ie., burning fossil fuels. |
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Definition
There are two diametrically opposed spheres of reality; the sacred and the profane.
Ie., the spiritual and the physical
Religion is the provider of alllll knowledge |
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Definition
| beliefs in spiritual beings; supernatural |
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Definition
| says religion is a system of symbols that makes moods and motivation for people. |
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Term
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Definition
| provides people a (religious) explanation of the world; cosmology |
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Definition
| = provides people (religious) morality; a value system. |
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Definition
| Contrast of traditional religions and world religions. Oral (traditional) and Written (world). |
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Definition
spread and participated in orally.
Yano people.
Shamans.
Open to new religious ideas; don’t seek converts to their religion. |
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Definition
spread by written texts.
Has full-time religious specialists, only sometimes found in traditional.
Commitment to a specific doctrine spelled out in text.
An intolerance of other religions. |
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Definition
| Supernatural techniques separate from sprits |
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Term
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Definition
blending of religious ideas and practices.
Traditional religions do this, World religions do not. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tyler's theory. Attribution of a soul to things. Not mentioned anymore. |
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Definition
| Huge importance of spirits in daily life. They are everywhere! |
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Term
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Definition
Spirits are considered to be in the physical world just like plants or animals.
Afterlife is a specific place. Not too far from the territory. |
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Definition
| Spirits/Gods don't exist in any specific place. |
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Term
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Definition
often just ideal versions of current life. Much like the here and now.
Many aspects of the world are inverted.
Day and night, right and left, etc.
Sumbanese; switching matrilineal for patrilineal in marriage.
Hunter-Gatherers, NO belief. |
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Definition
| Some people do practice rituals and rites relating to transferring person from living to dead |
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| Criticism of Tyler & religion |
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Definition
; focused too much on beliefs and not enough on practices.
As religion is mostly rites and passages... |
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Definition
A rule-bound public performance/special-event. Set aside from the mundane. CAN have rituals that aren’t secular.
BUT, most do yield to a higher power. Ie., USED to HAVE to get married in a church. |
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Definition
Must always take place just before sunset.
Why? Because their night and day is inverted for the dead! |
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| Inclusive Definition of Ritual |
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Definition
| Rituals are an aspect of culturally standardized actions. Everything that is not goal-directed. |
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| Exclusive Definition of Ritual |
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Definition
| A performance with results |
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Definition
Rites are to maintain social stability and reinforce order
3 different types:
Rites of seperation, Rites of transition, Rites of aggregation |
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Definition
Sacrificing pigs
Mari people of New Guinea served an ecological function; nothing about social stability. Applied elsewhere as well.
Rendered the local ecosystem stable; kept pig to land ratio in check.
Criticized, but does explain how rites/rituals have effects on the real world. |
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Definition
Looking at a ritual from the effects created
Functionalists |
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Definition
| contrasting the efficacy model which is concerned with effects. Symbolic expression considers rituals to simply be symbolic means by which expression is made. |
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Definition
group in Burma, several million of them. Leach worked with them A LOT.
2 ideal forms of social order:
Egalitarian = Gumlao
Hierarchal = Gumsa |
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Term
| Turner's ritual definition |
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Definition
we must understand the ritual symbols and their significance.
Ndembu people of Zambia have a series of trees as their ritual symbols. “Milk Trees”
In western society, things like flags, christian cross. |
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Term
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Definition
multi vocal symbols; they can mean or refer to many different things.
Ie., Ndembu women have milk trees symbolize femininity, their mothers, fertility, etc |
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Definition
| all the different interpretations of the symbols brought together. |
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Definition
| Spectrums of symbol interpretation ranging from Material <<>> Abstract Concepts |
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Definition
Most important modern rituals are sports.
Leach would agree.
Soccer; talking about the fan behavior. A type of symbolic expression.
Also a multi vocal affair |
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Definition
researched the two aspects of the ritual of circumcision; as it is a violent ritual in the accompanying sacrifice of animals and cutting off of foreskin. ALSO, the blessing-association of being circumcised.
A paradoxical opposition of these two elements. |
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Definition
| Initiates ought to only hang out with those that have been initiated. When we see age sets appear |
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Definition
| Heart of the liminal period |
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Term
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Definition
| what is shown to the initiates. Sacred articles or instruments. |
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Definition
| what is done in the liminal period. Ie., the forced reflecting upon one’s life. Major part of almost every rights of passage. |
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Definition
what is told about the initiates. Learning about the cosmology, sacred rights, society, the future, etc
Bebma society says women must nurse for 2-3 years and may not have sexual relations |
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Definition
| Pritchard; Meant to explain the specifics of certain happenings. Similar to western religions |
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Definition
broad idea; breaking the world up into conceptual bits/categories, mostly through language.
Are people different in the way they classify things?
Yep, kinship and stuff.
For the natural world, there are many similarities between groups.
Nagé people have a very similar means to classifying as western models.
Nipa = snake; goka are snakes |
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Definition
- Nagé classifies bats as birds.
Consider them a bird, but a weird bird. Recognize that bats are funny birds. |
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Definition
prohibitions which avoid impurity
Function of classification; classification always leaves out certain animals or plants, can’t be fit in. |
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Definition
| People that reside in liminal states have special power. In between categories have special power as per the book of leviticus. |
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Definition
She was an overgeneralizer
No linguistic determinant
As classification works mostly through language |
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Definition
a system of belief in which each human is thought to have a spiritual connection or a kinship with another physical being.
Such as an animal or plant, often called a "spirit-being" or "totem."
Eating such totems would be supa taboo, if you’re named after a plant, can’t hurt that plant. |
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Definition
| Claimed cannibalism never existed |
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Definition
| Simple division of labour |
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Definition
| Cold ones are slow to change with times |
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Definition
| Employing preexisting concepts to make things. A handyman. |
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Definition
| makes new machines from scratch. |
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Definition
| an oral phenomenon; machines for the suppression of time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Time as a commodity, exists outside events taking place. Can be sold and killed. |
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Term
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Definition
| clock less societies. Events occur when all is ready. Time isn't a scarce resource as it only exists when events are taking place. Cannot 'kill time'. |
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Definition
All knowledge is ideology
Factual knowledge is in every society
2 views: knowledge is socially shaped, and knowledge is socially constructed |
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Definition
Cannibalistic. Not Materialism
No evidence of food shortages
Did not occur in order to increase protein.
WAS DONE as a radical alteration of the corpse and the mourner’s relations with the deceased. Takes the body from a human to a non-human. Human person -> a body. A confirmation of affinal ties after death |
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Definition
| Aggressive and violent type of eating practice |
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Term
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Definition
| eating the person takes their quality into the person. |
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Definition
| share blood with. DON’T eat such relatives. Taboo. |
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Definition
| Loosely tied Kin. THEY eat the body. |
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Definition
Earth is polluting. Fire is warm and dry and sanitary. Also restructures the relationship with the body.
Eating/Burning the body, free them! Avoids ghosts. |
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Term
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Definition
| fire was stolen. In order to have it back to roast and eat animals, they must ALSO eat humans. |
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Definition
Cosmology is important for witchcraft. Witchcraft
Doesn’t explain universe.
It explains particular & variable conditions of life.
Not about WHY an event happened. But WHY an event happened to X & Y for Z reason. Big in Zambian life. |
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Definition
Semi-religious groups who’s entire goal is to collect cargo/goods. Show up in colonialized areas because there is cargo they want.
Why? Coping mechanism; colonialism causes some upheaval. Cargo cults reapply some organization.
OR, maybe a result of deprivation.
Perception of scarcity is greatest. |
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Term
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Definition
Uses practical application to fix issued between cultures.
Ie, Anthropologist advocating over a land dispute with Aboriginals.
Or the Ericksen thing, Ecuadorian highlanders & their Guinea pigs.
Uses cages pls, why not? Cuz. Overworked. Cool thx. |
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Definition
Ecuadorian Guinea pigs.
Regarded as an animal that could be consumed. Also as pets.
Also considered to be an omen animal.
Didn’t want to use them just as food. |
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Definition
| large focus in the west. Applies when there are culturally different populations regularly interacting in one social sphere. |
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Term
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Definition
things that give away one’s culture/religion/ethnic identity.
Religion used to play a role, but no longer, as most folks stay within a few languages.
Language also being an indicator; Quebec. |
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Definition
what people look like. Partly genetic.
Tsunda = considered japanese because of their phenotype. |
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Definition
categorizing people based on their cultural differences.
Stereotypes are a result of ethnic classification
Does have SOME basis in fact. Also over generalizations. Fixed image of people. |
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Term
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Definition
| For a long time, different groups were seen as of different origins. |
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Definition
Ethnicities are also just certain social contexts
Situational; ethnic identities can be changed over time. Fluid; based on the group they are with. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| holds that cultural boundaries should correspond with political boundaries |
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Definition
| doctrine that allows discrete groups the ability to express their nationality, but not to form separate nation states. |
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Term
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Definition
| in order to maintain their distinctiveness, must operate in modern ways. Appeals are made through modern institutions, like the UN. |
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Term
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Definition
Globalization is the expansion of modernity
Space has contracted.
Doesn’t meant that everyone is becoming the same. BUT they use the same means to communicate. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the way in which people respond to globalization in local ways.
There are still some places where it is still local.
Synthesis of global and glocal.
Neither wholly global nor local. |
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Term
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Definition
| socially defined category based on common culture or nationality |
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Term
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Definition
| Communication within an Ethnic group. People can use others to gain something; ie, hiring your Tibetan bros at your business. Ethnic favors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Operate corporately. More public than an Ethnic network. Pursues goals on behalf of the community. Ie, cultural sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
Ethnic group with a clear territorial base. Ethnicity is a pervasive dimension in everyday life. Ie, Israel; clear territory, Jewishness.
TOUGH in multicultural communities. What counts as a territorial base for Swedish Edmontonians? Sweden! |
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Term
| Multiculturalism Benefits |
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Definition
Express yoself!
Food
Freeeeeedom |
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Term
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Definition
Oversimplification/stereotypes.
Happens whenever cultures interact.
Reducing “Chinese” to spring rolls.
Lack of national identity/unity
Some practices are not compatible with Western ideals.
Cannot have more than 1 wife, pal! |
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Term
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Definition
how ethnicities maintain their uniqueness. Public ceremonies, means of dressing, FOOD TABOOS & PREFERENCES, RELIGION & CELEBRATIONS, LANGUAGE.
Food is one of the last things given up during assimilation.
Ie, Ukrainians having their holidays purposefully after Canada |
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Term
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Definition
Canada is a mosaic, USA is a melting pot.
Differences in situational boundaries?
In mosaic you tend to see more boundaries, as you can express more freely.
Put up boundaries, BECAUSE you can. |
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Term
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Definition
Positive use of stereotypes?
Conceptualized as smart, quiet, good
Negative use of stereotypes?
How do these stigmatized Japanese deal with their stereotype?
Accentuate their interest in Brazil. Did their Samba dancing, being super unique. Nostalgia for the homeland.
Returned to Japan, seen as lazier, dumber, TOO Brazilian. |
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Term
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Definition
McDonalds in Hong Kong. A Symbol of glocalization. Food stayed the same, BUT cultural differences altered their operations.
Glocalization, catering to the local ethnic populations.
CAN work the other way. But not as often.
Ie, Bollywood. |
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