Term
| What are the three structures of fungi? |
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Definition
| 1. Hyphae - tubing - they elongate at the tips and branch. 2. Mycelium: is the vegetative part of a fungus, consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae, where nutrients are absorbed. 3. Fruiting/reproductive structure |
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Term
| How do fungi get nutrients? |
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Definition
| It is through the mycelium that a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two stage process. Firstly the hyphae secrete enzymes onto the food source, which breaks down polymers into monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Appeared 600 MYA, molecular clock suggests a common ancestor between fungi and animals (1. 5 BYA) |
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Term
| What group of fungi has flagella? |
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Definition
| Chytrids - the most primitive group. They are aquatic, and many are unicellular. |
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Term
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Definition
| The common mold found on bread. Key trait = zygosporagmis - bears the spores. Smallest phylum in physical size. No large fruiting structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most fungi reproduce by spores, which are tiny particles of protoplasm enclosed in walls. The common mushroom may form 12 billion or more spores on its fruiting body; the giant puffball may produce several thousand billion. |
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Term
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Definition
| 60,000 spec. Key trait = ascocarps - the fruiting structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| 25000, fruiting body = basidium |
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Term
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Definition
| Unclassified group. Their fruiting structures have never been seen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquatic unicellular fungi. Often occur in nutrient rich liquids where they can colonize. Degenerate evolution. Remain unicellular and reproduce like crazy. Lost ability to grow into hyphae |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutualism between algae and fungi. - Algae give food to fungus, fungus give physical support to algae |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutualistic relationship between plant roots and fungi. - Plants absorb nutrients from fungi as the hyphae increase surface area, plants provide fungi sugars |
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Term
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Definition
· Tetrapods: 4 limbed vertebrates
- evolved from lobe finned fish
- Esophagus branches that became the swim bladder served as lungs in shallow water species. |
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Term
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Definition
- Obtain oxygen thru skin – 50%
- Obvious hind legs are necessary for escaping predation |
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Term
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Definition
| - Remained unsuccessful group for 100 mya, didn’t become successful til reptiles went extinct. Hair, live birth, placenta, nursing young |
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Term
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Definition
| 000 spec. Feathers – unique derived trait – for insulation. Flight |
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Term
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Definition
Bird-like dinosaur (Closest known relative).
Runner (cursorial). Tail similar to therapods. T-rex collogan is similar to chicken. Similar to birds, but did not have feathers. |
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Term
| Compare endothermy and ectothermy. |
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Definition
| Birds and mammals are endothermic. Ectothermy implies heat obtained from the environment. Endotherms can survive in a variety of climates and still maintain high activity. Endothermy costs more 10x more energy - so they need more food. |
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Term
| How does environment dictate thermy? |
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Definition
| Air is an insulator, water robs organism of heat, so endotherms are all terrestrial |
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Term
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Definition
- Vasodilation: process of widening capillaries in contact with skin – increasing blood flow and heat exchange.
- Vasoconstriction: tightening of vessels, loss of blood flow – slows down heat exchange |
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Term
| Name adaptations that come with endothermy. |
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Definition
- High level of activity regardless of environment.
- Hair and feathers help insulate.
- Dark colors can help with heat absorption.
- They need to be warm enough for chemical activities to occur but can’t overheat.
- Dogs can lose heat thru tongue (evaporative cooling).
- Heat harvesting (turkey vultures).
- Shivering |
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Term
| Explain counter heat exchange. |
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Definition
| - Gulls: their legs are in cold areas so they need counterheat exchange – Sets of arteries and veins run in opposite directions, so warm blood coming from heart runs opposite the cold blood coming from feet. As the 2 bloodstreams pass each other, venous blood gets warm and arterial blood gets cool, thus no big heat gradient. It’s a way to recover heat lost in feet. – Not strictly unique to endotherms – fish lose heat thru gills and send cold blood to skin where its already cool – it only goes to swimming muscles after its been warmed. |
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Term
| Explain the adaptations of ectotherms. |
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Definition
They harvest energy from environment.
Main way of getting heat is sun radiation. They expose large surface area of body to sun by flattening themselves. They can also conduct heat from warm rocks and flatten itself over the rocks. At night their temperature falls to ambient temp, so their activity slows down. They drag bodies to sun in morning. They regulate their temp with behavior (orient their bodies towards or away from the sun, maybe burrow or go to shade). Vasodilation is important. |
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Term
| What is unique about crocodile circulation? |
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Definition
It's different while diving vs active on surface.
- When they dive the pulmonary gets restricted, and deoxygenated blood goes to the left aorta, while the left ventrial goes to right aorta. Oxygenated blood goes to the head. Oxygenated blood is targeted to the brain and sensory structures while it’s diving.
- They have special 4 chamber hearts, more advanced (ventral) limbs, gizzards, socket teeth, advanced brains with good skulls
- They likely evolved from endothermic ancestor, which is why they have some endothermic features. |
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Term
| What are the three groups of mammals? |
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Definition
| - 3 Groups: Monotremes, marsupials, Eutherian (placental) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Monotremes: Egg layers, produce milk without nipples (seeps), less efficient thermal metabolism (echidnas, duck-billed platypus) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Marsupials: Pouch, born very tiny and develop in the pouch, they have spread out globally due to continental plate movement |
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Term
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Definition
| - Eutherians: Most successful group (Includes 4400/5800 mammals), some reinvaded ocean (dolphins), placenta is an organ that nourishes young in mother, they are found globally |
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Term
| What is the difference between open and closed circulation? |
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Definition
- In open systems: Heart pumps blood into body cavities where tissue is surrounded by blood. Blood is at low pressure after it leaves the blood vessels
- Closed: Blood is confined to tubes of blood vessels, while valves prevent the backflow of blood. |
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Term
| What are the advantages of a four chambered heart? |
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Definition
| - Birds and mammals (also crocodilians) have a four-chambered heart which acts as two separate pumps. After passing through the body, blood is pumped under high pressure to the lungs. Upon returning from the lungs, it is pumped under high pressure to the body. The high rate of oxygen-rich blood flow through the body enables birds and mammals to maintain high activity levels. - Four chambers prevents oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing |
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Term
| What kind of hearts do amphibians are reptiles have? |
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Definition
| - Most reptiles and amphibians have 3 chambered hearts, where some oxy and deoxy blood get mixed (less efficient) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Capilary beds release oxygen – they need to be close enough to cells so that they all get enough oxygen (red blood = oxy, blue = deoxy) |
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Term
| Why is the pressure high at the arterial end of capillaries. |
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Definition
| - Arterial end of capillary: high hydrostatic pressure (while low at venous end), because you lose pressure across the capillary |
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Term
| How does material leave the capillary beds? |
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Definition
| The osmotic pressure is equal throughout, the net pressure drives materials outside the capillaries |
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Term
| Where does fluid get lost in the capillary beds? |
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Definition
| - Net loss of fluid at the artery end, but some gets recovered at the vein end – net loss of plasma to interstitial fluid |
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Term
| Where does fluid get lost in the capillary beds? |
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Definition
| - Net loss of fluid at the artery end, but some gets recovered at the vein end – net loss of plasma to interstitial fluid |
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Term
| What is interstitial fluid? |
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Definition
| Interstitial fluid is a solution which bathes and surrounds the cells of multicellular animals. ...Receives capillary beds’ nutrients and O2 à It bathes cells and capillaries so the 2 can exchange materials |
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Term
| What are pulmonary veins? |
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Definition
· Pulmonary veins: Carry oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart. They are the only VEINS that carry OXYGENATED blood.
- Veins usually carry deoxygenated blood, while arteries carry oxygenated blood. |
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Term
| What is the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
· Lymphatic system: Thin walled tubes: lymphatic vessels recover fluid lost by circulatory system – they return about 3 L of plasma in humans per day.
- Lymphatic must dump blood at safe place where it’s not under high pressure.
- Lymph tubes present in all tissue – Lost fluid seeps into them and these tubes return it to the blood stream.
- The tubes hook up to low pressure veins.
- How does plasma move in lymph.? Valves close and open to prevent blood from moving backwards. Skeletal muscles contract to move blood forward. It compresses the veins going through them so that blood moves forward but can’t go back due to closure. |
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Term
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Definition
- Herbivore dinosaur.
- Interventricular septum = 4 chamber heart.
- Birds have 4 chambered hearts. – linked to endothermy |
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Term
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Definition
- Requires high metabolism – linked to endothermy and 4 chambered hearts.
- Found in some dinosaurs |
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Term
| What are the five ways to tell if an animal is bipedal? |
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Definition
- Location of Foramen Magnum (hole that spinal cord enters) – may be either inferior (under) or posterior (back of head).
- S shaped spine vs. curved.
- Arms are same size as legs (rather than shorter).
- Bowl shaped pelvis vs narrow shaped.
- Femur Angled in vs out. . |
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Term
| What evidence can be obtained from footprints? |
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Definition
| - Tells weight, how fast they moved, size, bipedalism |
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Term
| What was the hominid Lucy? |
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Definition
- A. Afarensis (4-3 mya).
- 3.5 ft.
- Chimp sized brain.
- Fully upright |
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Term
| What is the Out of Africa Theory? |
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Definition
| Homo E. evolved in Afria then fanned out to other regions as Homo sapiens. |
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Term
| What is the multiregional theory? |
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Definition
| A parallel evolution of different races and extensive interbreeding (gene flow) (less likely theory) |
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Term
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Definition
- 70 mya
- Grasping hands, binocular vision, nails, large brains, used to be arboreal |
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Term
| What are the two groups of primates? |
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Definition
| 2 groups: 1. Prosimians – the lemurs, loris, bush babies. 2. Anthropoids: monkeys, apes |
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Term
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Definition
| - Prosimians: Ancestral – like primates, largely nocturnal, aboreal |
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Term
| What are the Anthropoids? |
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Definition
| Anthropoids: New world monkeys, baboons, apes – 45 mya, fruit and leaf eaters, fully opposable thumbs |
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Term
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Definition
| The apes, 25 mya, large brains, no tail, vertical collum is centered (better balance on hind legs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Family Hominidae: recent evolution (5 mya), 2 main genera: homo and australopithicus |
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Term
| What is Neanderthalensis? |
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Definition
| - Neanderthalenthis: Heavy bodied, .6 mya, 30,000 years. Carnivores, tools |
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Term
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Definition
· Kenyanthropus: Found in Kenya
- Platyops: flat face
- 3.3 mya
- Possibly a homo ancestor |
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Term
| From what reptile did mammals evolve from? |
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Definition
| - Evolved from non-dino reptiles including dimetradon – had a sail on it’s back to exchange heat with environment. |
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Term
| What are the three classes of early vertebrates? |
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Definition
2. class: Chondricthyes (cartilaginous fish)
3. class Osteichthys: bony fish
4. class Amphibia |
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Term
| What is unique about vertebrate from other chordates? |
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Definition
| - Key traits: cranium, cephalization, vertebrae, braincase |
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Term
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Definition
| - Cartilage fish: lost ability to produce bone like bony ancestor so cartilage is a derived trait (includes sharks). |
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Term
| Why don't cartilaginous fish have good buoyancy and locomotion? |
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Definition
| They lack a swim bladder, inefficient fins for locomotion. They're oil-rich liver helps with buoyancy, but they tend to sink when they're not active. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Sharks have placid scales (teeth with enamel) that grow all over the body and act as armor. They reduce water friction. |
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Term
| What are the derived traits of Osteichthys/bony fish? |
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Definition
| Derived traits = operculum (a hard flap serving as a cover for (a) the gill slits in fishes ), flat scales, bony skeleton, ray-finned fish. They have adapted a swim bladder – a gas filled bladder that regulates buoyancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Opercula (gill covers) can be moved to create suction or squirt water jet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acansthostega: fossil fish – transitional phase between amphibian and fish. |
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Term
| What clade are reptiles, mammals, and birds? |
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Definition
| - All are the amniotes – a clade where embryos are surrounded by a set of membranes including amnion (reducing water loss) |
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Term
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Definition
| hair, mammary glands, endothermy, legs positioned under body rather than lateral. |
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Term
| 11. Why is it easy to understand how binocular vision and grasping hands evolved at a similar time? What group is characterized by these traits? |
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Definition
| Primates possess these two features. It is easy to see why they are linking because grasping hands cannot be used with great efficiency in a 3-D world without 3-D vision to perceive depth. |
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Term
| 15. Name one critical difference and one critical similarity between Australopithecus afarensis and its relative, the chimpanzee. |
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Definition
| A. afarensis resembled the chimpanzee in its small brain size but was strikingly different in its upright (bipedal) stance. |
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Term
| 16. Describe how fossils other than those of bones have been important in tracing evolutionary histories of different groups. Give two examples. |
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Definition
| The Laetoli footprints confirmed bipedalism in early hominids - linking Australopithicus with homo. Chest cavity of chest cavity of a Thescelosaurus = 4 chambered heart - the feature might have evolved in different groups of dinos |
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Term
| 18. What do fungi, animals and plants have in common in terms of evolutionary history? |
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Definition
| Each evolved from (different) single-celled members of the Kingdom Protista. |
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Term
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Definition
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*Primates: Order
- 2 sub orders: prosimians and anthropoids
- Prosimians = NOT monkeys/apes
- Anthropoids = monkeys/apes
* Hominoidea: Super family of all apes
* Hominidae: Family – humans belong to this group.
- 2 Genus: Australopithicus and Homo
- Australopithicus: bipedal, small brain
Homo: Includes modern humans. |
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